Examining Education - Occupation Match Rates of Immigrants in Broad Immigration Categories: Results from the 2011 National Household Survey – Immigration Landing File Linkage Database Metropolis Conference - 2:00 to 3:30 pm - March 4 Lorna Jantzen, Research and Evaluation

2 Introduction This presentation is intended to introduce the National Household Survey – Immigration Landing File Linkage Database - higlighting a single example of how it can be applied to understand the integration in of immigrants in Canada. Since IRPA there have been some important changes to the immigration system. This analysis is focused on the period from 1991 to 2011 Immigrants continue to face barriers and challenges in accessing full time work in regulated occupations Pan-Canadian Framework for Assessment and Recognition of Foreign Qualifications aims to reduce barriers for immigrants interested in entering regulated occupations For the first time, the recently established 2011 National Household Survey-Immigration Landing File linkage database allows examination of the attributes of immigrants at their time of landing in Canada and their socio-economic outcomes at the time of the 2011 NHS This analysis considers two questions: 1)Do EPAs who intended to work in selected regulated occupations identified in the Pan-Canadian Framework find full- time full year employment in their intended occupation, a related alternative occupation, or at their skill level 2)Do EPAs working in these occupations receive their highest level of education in a foreign country or in Canada

3 Introducing the 2011 NHS-ILF Linkage Dataset Statistics Canada used exact matching techniques to link the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) and Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s administrative Immigration Landing File (ILF). To be in scope for this linkage, an individual must have landed in Canada between 1980 and 2011 according to the NHS and have landed on or before May 10, 2011 according to the ILF All results use NHS weights and NHS Data Quality and Confidentiality Standards and Guidelines According to the 2011 NHS, there are 4,754,435 immigrants in Canada who landed between 1980 and Of these, landing file information is available for approximately 79%. Variables available in this data set are based on estimates of immigrants who landed between 1980 and 2011 according to the 2011 NHS. In all data tables, the “linked” category includes those who were successfully linked to the Immigrant Landing File while the “Not Linked” category includes those who were not linked to an immigrant landing file record.

Pre-arrival information available on the ILF Immigrant relevant attributes available on the NHS Occupation related attributes on the NHS Outcomes information available on the NHS  Immigration Category  Intended Occupation  Official Language Knowledge  Intended place of residence  Source Country  Years of education  Nomination province  Level of education  Marital Status  Family Status  Age  Gender  Age at Immigration  Place of Birth  Period of Immigration  Mother Tongue, Home Language, Language Knowledge, First Official Language Spoken  Ethnic Origin/Visible Minority Status  Religion  Actual Occupation  Highest Level of Education  Major Field of Study  Location of highest level of schooling  Participation Rate  Unemployment Rate  Employment Rate  Employment status (FT/PT)  Employment Earnings  Low Income  Housing Variables relevant to regulated occupations that are available in the NHS-ILF dataset 4

5 Pan-Canadian Framework Targets Specific Regulated Occupations December Additional Professions 2014 Additional Professions Professions: Architects, Engineers, Financial Auditors and Accountants, Medical Laboratory Technologists, Occupational Therapists, Pharmacists, Physiotherapists, Registered Nurses Professions: Dentists Engineer Technicians and Technologists Practical Nurses Medical Radiation Techs Physicians Teachers Professions: Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists Geoscientists Lawyers Midwives Psychologists Trades: Carpenters Electricians (industrial and construction) Heavy Duty equipment operators Welders

Economic Principal Applicants (EPAs) who intended to work in a Pan-Canadian occupation, have relatively high participation and employment rates 6 Outstanding question: Do they work in their intended occupation? Selected immigration categories by period of immigration by participation and employment rates, for the population 15 years and older Participation rate % Employment rate % Immigrants EPAs EPAs - Intended Pan-Canadian* Immigrant to EPAs 1991 to EPAs 1991 to Intended Pan Canadian* Immigrant to EPAs 2001 to EPAs 2001 to Intended Pan-Canadian * Immigrants to EPAs 2006 to EPAs 2006 to Intended Pan-Canadian*

1991 to to to 2011 Architects Civil engineers Mechanical engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Chemical engineers Industrial and manufacturing engineers Metallurgical and materials engineers Mining engineers Geological engineers Petroleum engineers Aerospace engineers Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers) Other professional engineers, n.e.c Financial auditors and accountants Medical laboratory technicians and pathologists' assistants Medical laboratory technologists Pharmacists Physiotherapists Occupational therapists11065 Registered nurses Number of EPAs who intended to work in a regulated occupation by period of immigration – a focus on the top 5 occupations 7 Top five 2010 Pan-Canadian Framework (2010) regulated occupations for a given landing period

Distribution of immigrants and non-immigrants in the top five intended occupations 8 Proportion of immigrants and non-immigrants working in selected occupation for those who are employed full-time full year, who have at least a university degree and who are between the ages of 25 and 64 years, by landing period, 2011 NHS-ILF The three engineering occupations display relatively high percentages of immigrants; in the case of electrical and electronic engineers, almost half are immigrants while 18% are recent immigrants The percentage of immigrants within the registered nurses occupational category is lower than that of the engineering categories; 24% of registered nurses are immigrants while 8% are recent immigrants In the case of all five occupational categories, there are more recent immigrants represented than immigrants from past periods of immigration

Percentage of EPAs in selected occupations who have an occupation match, skill-level match or no match, by period of immigration 9 ** This is for EPAs who are employed full-time full-year, who have at least a university degree, and who are between the ages of 25 and 64 years

A relatively high percentage of EPAs with an occupation match are foreign educated 10 The percentage of EPAs working in their intended occupations whose highest level of education was received outside Canada by period of immigration A high percentage of registered nurses with an occupation match, especially those who landed recently, were foreign educated In the other occupation categories, across all landing periods, two in three economic principal applicants received their highest level of education outside Canada The percentage of mechanical engineers and financial auditors with an occupation match who were educated outside Canada is higher for established EPAs than for those who landed more recently

Future research on immigrant integration This presentation was intended to introduce the database and to demonstrate that it can be used to build performance indicators Immigrants from different immigration categories land in Canada for different reasons; should the measurement of economic integration be the same for all categories? – Differentiating between immigration categories is important – An understanding of an immigrants situation at time of landing directly informs the process of integration – Other pertinent variables, not analyzed in this study, such as field of study and country of education would allow for comparison with the Canadian born working in similar occupations

In some domains, EPAs are transferring their skills to other occupations within the same domain (e.g. Engineers) The percentage of registered nurses with a four digit NOC code occupational match rate is relatively high, especially for recent EPAs The match rate at the 3 and 4 digit NOC code level is higher for recent EPAs than for those who are more established The percentage of registered nurses with both a foreign education and an occupation match (four digit NOC) is relatively high In the other occupation categories, of those with an occupation match (four digit NOC) two in three economic principal applicants received their highest level of education outside Canada This is just one example of how this database can be used to examine the issue of foreign credentials specifically and in general integration of immigrant into Canadian society Conclusions 12 If you are interested in the paper it is published in Canadian Public Policy (August 2015) – free download on the University of Toronto Press site