Groups… All About Groups Unit 4

But First: Society… Because they are GROUPS of people A group of people who share a defined territory and culture. From a sociological point of view we develop that definition a further by arguing that society is also the social structure and interactions of that group of people. Social structure is the relatively enduring patterns of behavior and relationships within a society. Can include: Social Status Socioeconomic Status Roles that you occupy Titles Etc.

Hunting/Gathering Societies ~50,000-10,000 years ago Supported Very Small Population Size: 50-150 Technology: Tools of Stone and Wood Subsistence Economy, Weeks of Surplus Nomadic (Roaming) Social Organization around the family Examples: Tribes on the African Steppe

Pastoral Societies Think… Pastures… Farms, open lands ~10,000-5,000 years ago Population Size: 150-10,000 Technology: Domesticated Animals (not as much manual labor), portable and simple Economy: Surplus on the hoof (from the tech) Settlement Pattern: (seasonally) Nomadic; Semi-Nomadic camps Chiefdoms and marked inequalities. (Chiefdom is a hierarchical organization present in non-industrial societies) where power is held by the senior members of the society of select families/houses. Also known as “the Elders” Animals as part of the family not just there for work or to be “used,” all by- products are used (hair, wool, etc.)

Horticultural Societies Hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops. ~10,000-5,000 years ago Population Size: 150-3,000 Technology: Sickle, Hoe, Digging Sticks, handheld instruments. Economy: Horticulture; several month surplus Permanent Villages as compared to Pastoralists Chiefdoms with specialized religious-military roles Highland Tribes Number of workers determines how much food is produced. Produce moderate surpluses.

Agrarian Societies 5,000 years ago to AD 1750 (JUST BEFORE THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION!) Population: Millions Technology: Animal-drawn plow, agriculture, irrigation, domesticated animals Cities, Development of Empires and Large Urban Populations Complex division of labor, Complex Economic, Military and Religious Institutions and marked Social Inequality all exert forces on the society Ancient Egypt, Feudal Europe, 3rd World Countries, etc. They depend on crops raised with plows, domesticated animals, and intensive agricultural methods! Large Surpluses can be produced.

Industrial Societies Relies on machines and advanced technology to distribute food, information, goods and services. 18th-20th Century (1700s-1900s) Population Size: Millions to over a BILLION people Machine Power, Electricity, Petroleum, Nuclear Power (later in the 1900s) Economy: Mass Production and Market Economy (usually market) Settlement Pattern: Vast majority of the population in cities. Social Organization: Distinct Institutions, clubs, groups, religious entities, etc. Examples: Brazil, Eastern Europe, Urban Russia

Post-Industrial Information revolution where service industries and manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy. Time: Late 20th and 21st Centuries (Late 1900s, 2000s...NOW) Population Size: Millions to BillionS Technology: What do we have today? Computers, Information Technologies, Photonics, Robotics Economy: Global Information- Service Economy Settlement pattern: Megaopolises Social Organization: Growth of science and technology institutions, emerging global classes, social networks and power structures USA, Canada, Japan, Western Europe