the BIG idea CHAPTER OUTLINE NEW CHAPTER Solutions CHAPTER When substances dissolve to form a solution, the properties of the mixture change. A solution is a type of mixture. The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE solute solution A solution is a type of mixture. suspension solvent 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES CALIFORNIA Content Standards 8.5.b Students know the idea of atoms explains the conservation of matter: In chemical reactions the number of atoms stays the same no matter how they are arranged, so their total mass stays the same. 8.5.d Students know physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. 8.5.e Students know how to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE solute solution A solution is a type of mixture. Ionic compound dissolved in solvent A solution is a mixture in which one or more solutes are dissolved in a solvent. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. suspension solvent 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A mixture of two or more substances that is identical throughout; a homogeneous mixture. solution KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY A solution is a type of mixture. solute solution suspension solvent 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME In a solution, a substance that is dissolved in a solvent. solute KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY A solution is a type of mixture. solute solution suspension solvent 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME In a solution, the substance that dissolves a solute and makes up the largest percentage of a solution. solvent KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY A solution is a type of mixture. solute solution suspension solvent 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A mixture in which the different parts are identifiable as separate substances; a heterogeneous mixture. suspension KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY A solution is a type of mixture. solute solution suspension solvent 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solvent and solute particles interact the parts of a solution do not form new substances. There are two ways a solid compound can dissolve in a liquid, depending on the type of bonds in the compound.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solvent and Solute particles interact Ionic compounds-such as common table salt, dissolves in water, the sodium and chlorine ions separate and each ion is surrounded by water molecules. Covalent compounds-such as table sugar dissolves, each molecule stays together and is surrounded by solvent molecules.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solutes change the physical properties of a solvent The amount of solute determines how much the physical properties of the solvent are changed. Ex:A substance called ethylene glycol is often added to the water in a car's radiator to prevent the water from freezing in the winter and boiling in the summer.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solutes change the physical properties of a solvent Lowering the freezing point- –The freezing point of a liquid solvent decreases when a solute is dissolved in it. Pure water, which freezes at 0°C (32°F) under normal conditions, will freeze at somewhat lower temperatures when a solute is dissolved in it. This is the reason why salt is often placed on icy roads: it lowers the freezing point of the water and causes the ice to melt. There is a limit to how far a solute can reduce the freezing point of the solvent, however. Water will always freeze at -21°C (- 6°F).

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solutes change the physical properties of a solvent Raising the boiling point- –Likewise, the boiling point of a liquid solvent increases when a solute is dissolved in it. Pure water boils at 100°C (212°F) under normal conditions, but saltwater can be a liquid at higher temperatures because salt raises the boiling point of the water. The amount of salt (or solute) dissolved in the water determines how much the boiling point will be increased.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE dilute saturated concentration solubility 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES CALIFORNIA Content Standards 8.5.d Students know physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. 8.5.e Students know how to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE dilute saturated concentration solubility The more soluble a substance is, the more of it will dissolve in a solution. Concentrated The amount of dissolved solute determines a solution’s concentration. Dilute 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solutions are classified based on the concentration of the solute. A dilute solution has a low concentration of solute. EX: Even though you can't taste it, well water does contain salt. Well water is, therefore, a dilute solution of salt and water.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solutions are classified based on the concentration of the solute. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature. Ex:you may be able to add a lot of sugar to a glass of iced tea, but eventually no more sugar will dissolve; the sugar will simply fall to the bottom of the glass. At that point the iced tea has dissolved the maximum amount of sugar it can. If a solution contains less solute than this maximum amount, it is an unsaturated solution.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solutions are classified based on the concentration of the solute. A supersaturated solution is one that contains more dissolved solute than is normally possible. A solution can become supersaturated if more solute is added while the temperature is higher. If the solution is slowly cooled, the solute can remain dissolved. Supersaturated solutions are very unstable and excess solute will quickly solidify and form a precipitate if the solution is disturbed or more if solute is added in the form of a crystal.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solubility The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a given temperature. Ex: A lot of ammonia can dissolve in water, so ammonia is said to have a high solubility in water. Ex:Not much carbon dioxide can dissolve in water, so carbon dioxide is said to have a low solubility in water. Oils will not dissolve at all in water, so oils are said to be insoluble in water. The amount of solute needed to make a saturated solution depends on the solubility of a solute in a particular solvent.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solubility If the solute is highly soluble, a saturated solution will be very concentrated. If the solute has a low solubility, the saturated solution will be dilute.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The solubility of a solute can be changed by changing the temperature or pressure. Increasing the temperature has two effects on most solid solutes: –they dissolve more quickly –and a greater amount of solid dissolves in a given amount of solvent. –In general, solids are more soluble at higher temperatures, and they dissolve faster. –In contrast, an increase in temperature makes gases less soluble in water.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The solubility of a solute can be changed by changing the temperature or pressure The solubility of solids and liquids is not normally affected by a change in pressure. The solubility of gases increases at higher pressures and decreases at lower pressures.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solubility depends on molecular structure.. The solubility of a solute in a solvent depends on the type of chemical bonding in each Water molecules contain polar covalent bonds. These bonds make one end of the water molecule slightly positive and the other end slightly negative. Oil molecules do not have positive and negative ends; they are not polar molecules. The fats and oils in a bowl of soup, therefore, remain separate from the water molecules, because the positive and negative ends of the water molecules are far more attracted to one another than they are to these other molecules.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Solubility depends on molecular structure.. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, are very soluble in water because the sodium and chloride ions have positive and negative electric charges and so are attracted to the positive and negative regions of the polar water molecules. Sugar contains some polar covalent bonds and so can dissolve in solutes with polar bonds, like water. "Like dissolves like." Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE dilute saturated concentration solubility The amount of dissolved solute determines a solution’s concentration CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES VISUALIZATION Explore supersaturated solutions and precipitation. The more soluble a substance is, the more of it will dissolve in a solution.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The amount of a substance (the solute) that is contained in another substance (the solvent) at a given temperature. concentration KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. dilute saturated concentration solubility 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME adj. Having a low concentration of solute. dilute KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. dilute saturated concentration solubility v. To add solvent in order to decrease the concentration of a solution CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Containing the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a given temperature and pressure. saturated KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. dilute saturated concentration solubility 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The amount of solute that dissolves in a certain amount of a solvent at a given temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution. solubility KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. dilute saturated concentration solubility 10.2 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH neutral 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES CALIFORNIA Content Standards 8.5.e Students know how to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Acids and bases have distinct properties Acids are found in foods, such as orange juice and vinegar, and give these foods a slightly sour taste. Strong acids can burn the skin. Bases are the chemical opposite of acids. Bases taste bitter and often feel slippery. Soap, ammonia, and antacids all contain bases.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Acids and bases have distinct properties Acids and bases generally only act like acids and bases when they are dissolved in water. When dissolved in water, the acidic or basic compound breaks up into ions with positive and negative charges. How these ions interact is what gives acids and bases their properties.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH Acids donate protons (H + ) in solutions, and bases accept protons in solutions. neutral ACID HClH+H+ Cl - H2OH2O + BASE NaOHNa + OH - + H2OH2O 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH Acidity is measured by the H + concentration on the pH scale. 7-neutral pH low H + concentration More base high H + concentration More acid neutral 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME a substance that donates a hydrogen ion (a proton) to another substance and has a pH below 7. Ex: Hydrogen chloride (HCl) breaks up in water into a hydrogen and a chloride ion. The hydrogen ion is free to react with other substances, so the solution is an acid. acid KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH neutral 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Characteristics of an Acid Tastes sour or tart Burn skin An acidic solution will react with a compound that contains a carbonate. Ex:Limestone is a rock that contains calcium carbonate. When an acid touches limestone, the reaction produces carbon dioxide gas. Acids also react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. Litmus Test. When an acid is placed on litmus paper, the paper turns red.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion from another substance and has a pH above 7 Ex: sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolves in water, it breaks up into sodium and hydroxide ions. The negative charge on the hydroxide ions allows them to accept positively charged ions. base KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH neutral 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Characteristics of a Base Bases have a bitter taste and feel slippery Litmus Test-When a base is placed on litmus paper, the paper turns blue.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The strengths of acids and bases can be measured. An acid or base is dangerous because of its strength. The strength of an acid or base depends on how much the compound breaks up when dissolved. Strong acids break apart completely into ions, such as with hydrogen chloride Strong bases also break apart completely into ions when dissolved.

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VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Acids and Bases Can React Together The ions produced by the acids in solutions react with the ions produced by bases in solution. Because the products of the reaction are neutral, the reaction is called a neutralization reaction.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME. Acids and Bases Can React Together The two products of an acid-base reaction are water and salt. Ex: the hydrogen ions from the acid HCl combine with the hydroxide ions from the base NaOH to make molecules of water. Ex:The chloride ions combine with the sodium ions to form NaCl, common table salt.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Acids and Bases Can React Together Neutralization reactions can be beneficial. Ex:An antacid tablet contains a base that can react with the acid in the stomach to produce water and a salt. This raises the pH of stomach to its normal value or makes it less acidic. Neutralization reactions can also be destructive. Ex:Acid rain that forms from dissolved acids in the atmosphere can fall to Earth and react with the marble and limestone, which are bases, causing them to dissolve.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Acids and Bases Can React Together Buffers are solutions that contain an acid and a base to resist changes in pH. A buffer can neutralize an added base or an added acid. Ex:Blood and the solution of the stomach are two examples buffers in the body. For the body to function properly, it must keep constant pH levels in the blood and stomach.

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; a measurement of acidity. pH KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH neutral 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Describing a solution that is neither an acid nor a base. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. neutral KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. base acid pH neutral 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME I. A solution is a type of mixture. A. The parts of a solution are mixed evenly. B. Solvent and solute particles interact. 2. Types of Solutions KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 1. Solutes and Solvents A solution is a type of mixture. C. Properties of solvents change in solutions. 2. Raising the Boiling Point 1. Lowering the Freezing Point solute solution suspension solvent 3. Suspensions 10.1 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME II. The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. A. A solution with a high concentration contains a large amount of solute. B. The solubility of a solute can be changed. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 1. Degrees of Concentration 2. Supersaturated Solutions The amount of solute that dissolves can vary. 1. Temperature and Solubility 2. Pressure and Solubility dilute saturated concentration solubility 3. Solubility C. Solubility depends on molecular structure CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME III. Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. A. Acids and bases have distinct properties. B. The strengths of acids and bases can be measured. 1. Acids, Bases, and Ions 2. Characteristics of Acids KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Solutions can be acidic, basic, or neutral. 3. Characteristics of Bases base acid pH neutral C. Acids and bases neutralize each other. 1. Acid and Base Strength 2. Measuring Acidity 10.3 CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES 1. Salts and Neutralization 2. Buffers and the Body 3. The Stomach Buffer

CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. VISUALIZATION Explore supersaturated solutions and precipitation.

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VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME