Sustainable Irrigation Water Management for Improved WUE: Context of National Water Policy 2012 Dr K Yella Reddy, FIE, Director (A&R) Er L Narayan Reddy, Director General WALAMTARI, Hyderabad, Himayatsagar India Water Week , April 2016

Water for Food

Key processes in an irrigation and drainage scheme 3

WATER FOOT PRINT & VIRTUAL WATER Water Footprint is quite simply the volume of water used. At the individual level, this is expressed in litres. But at the national level, this becomes complex - The water footprint of a nation is equal to the use of domestic water resources, minus the virtual water export flows, plus the virtual water import flows. The total ‘water footprint’ of a nation is a useful indicator of a nation’s call on the global water resources. The water footprint of a nation is related to dietary habits of people. High consumption of meat brings along a large water footprint. Also the more food originates from irrigated land, the larger is the water footprint. Finally, nations in warm climate zones have relatively high water consumption for their domestic food production resulting in a larger water footprint. At an individual level, it is useful to show the footprint as a function of food diet and consumption patterns.

5 Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good. Dublin Principle (ICWE, 1992) If water is priced at 1 paisa a liter, it costs Rs. 1,20,000 for growing paddy in one hectare land. Valuing Water

Components of WUE as per CWC EfficiencyValues (%) Reservoir Efficiency95%-98% Conveyance Efficiency Fully Lined system Partially Lined system Unlined system 70%-75% 65% 60% On farm application Efficiency Sprinkler/Drip Irrigation Basin/Furrow Irrigation 85% 60% Drainage Efficiency80% IPU/IPC85% Overall WUE60-65% How to reach to this level ?

Water Use Efficiency - Projects of AP & TS S. N.Project Reservoir Canal On-Farm Overall 1 KDS GDS KC CanalNA NSP Nizamsagar RDS Somasila SRSP TBPHLC TBPLLC Vamsadhara Yeleru

Common reasons and recommendations for low WUE from studies of 30 irrigation systems (CWC, 2010) Common reasons for low WUECommon recommendations for improvement of WUE i) Damaged structures ii) Silting in the canal system iii) Poor maintenance iv) Weed growth in the canal system v) Seepage in the system vi) Over-irrigation vii) Un trained farmers viii) Changing the cropping pattern Rehabilitation and restoration of damaged/silted canal system Proper and timely maintenance of the system Selective lining of the canal and distribution system Realistic and scientific system operation Revision of cropping pattern, if needed Restoration/provision of appropriate control structures Efficient and reliable communication system Reliable and accurate water measuring system Conjunctive use of ground and surface water Regular revision of water rate Encouragement for formation of Water Users’ Association Training to farmers Micro-credit facilities Agricultural extension services Encouragement to farmers for raising livestock 8

National Water Policy (2012) Priority on use of water NWP on impact of climate change Enhancing water availability for different use Demand management Project appraisal and environmental impact assessment for water uses to inter-alia include: i) analysis of water foot prints, ii) recycle and reuse including return flows to be a general norm, iii)incentivizing economic use of water to facilitate competition, iv)adaptation to water saving means in agriculture such as controlled cropping patterns in endowment with climate, micro irrigation, recycling canal seepage through planned conjunctive use, v) performance monitoring and vi) reclamation of commands from water logging, salinity and alkalinity. Regulation of water prices Project planning & implementation Data base and information needs Capacity building, research and training needs 9

NWP Guidelines for Improving WUE o Increase water use efficiency by 20% o Water Footprints and Water Auditing (assessment of water use), need to be developed. o Continuous water balance and water accounting studies o Methods to encourage water saving (Ex. Micro Irrigation) o Conjunctive ground water use o Participatory Approach: Users of water should be involved in monitoring the pattern of water use

Matching Irrigation Demand and Canal Supply The engineers of I&CAD Department, officials of Agriculture and Ground Water Department should be offered trainings on a regular basis on irrigation modernisation, crop irrigation requirements including effective rainfall contribution, water budgeting, latest aspects of water measurement and regulation, participatory approaches in water management and women’s participation in AWM.

IWRM Approach Cropping patterns should be identified in close co-operation between WUA’s, Agriculture and I&CAD Departments, based on potential crop irrigation water requirements at outlet level and forecasted available irrigation water at reservoir level; this aspect should be on a routine basis incorporated in the on-going modernization projects of existing canal irrigation command schemes. 12

Trainings & Capacity Building The WUA’s should be trained on water budgeting as developed by the project in their respective jurisdictions on a regular basis. 13

 Direct seeding / MSRI / AWD for rice in harmony with soil microbial technologies in maximizing the water use efficiency. Water Saving Crop Production Technologies Yield & Water Productivity in AWD

Micro Irrigation  69 M ha area suitable for MI  APMIP launched in 2003  TS & AP leads the country  India leads the world in Drip To irrigate and fertigate the plant instead of soil

LAYOUT OF LIMIP WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF LIMIP Distributory Sump 2 Sump 1 DP 2 DP 1 PVC pipe CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW Minor  Sump is required to store water during non-pumping hours  Capacity depends upon a)Duty of the water b)Area under each sump c)Operating time of irrigation system MICROIRRIGATION IN CANAL COMMANDS

17 WALAMTARI Initiative Water level measurement in open canal using ultrasonic sensors

Solar Power Arduino, SIM 900, Battery, Temp and Relative Humidity sensor Bowman Water Tube with ultrasonic sensor RBC Flume with ultrasonic sensor Affordable Technologies at field level

AWD Tubes, Flumes, Water Meters

SCHOOL CHIDREN AWARENESS AND TRAINING

India Water Week

22 Way Forward o Water Foot Print-Virtual Water Approach o Water Measurement & Quantification o Large Scale Implementation of Water Saving Technologies o Promotion of Micro Irrigation (MI) in large scale o Water Management under Scarce Conditions o Multiple Uses of Water and Economic Value o Demand Based Delivery o Incentivizing Water Saving o Participatory Irrigation Management o Remunerative prices to farmers & Respect agriculture