Organization of Organisms Life Science Organization of Organisms

Benchmarks SC.6.L.14.1: Students will identify and/or describe patterns in the hierarchical organization of organisms, from atoms to molecules, to cells, to tissues, to organs, to organ systems, to organisms

Hierarchy A B C D E F G Label the pictures above as: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism. Then put them in order of increasing complexity. SC.6.L.14.1

Strand F – Processes of Life Biology is the scientific study of living things. There are more than 2 million species of living things on the earth. They range in size from microscopic bacteria to huge blue whales and towering redwood trees. Living things also differ greatly in where and how they live.

Processes of Living Things Characteristics include: made up of cells reproduce grow obtain and use energy and respond to the environment

Processes of Living Things Other characteristics may include: need water composed of many chemical substances and are highly organized have a definite structure and size have a definite life-span

Processes of Living Things Other characteristics may include: show adaptation evolve, or change, over long periods of time

Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles -> Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem (Biome) -> Biosphere

Levels of Organization Population – the simplest grouping of organisms in nature (all the frogs in a pond). Community – all the populations of different organisms within a given area (all the animals in the pond).

Levels of Organization Ecosystem (biome) – geographic area that has a particular type of community (abiotic/biotic). Biosphere – portion of the earth in which living things exist (lithosphere/hydrosphere/ atmosphere).

Life Science Cell Theory

Benchmarks SC.6.L.14.2: Students will identify, describe, and explain the components of cell theory. SC.6.L.14.3: Students will describe how cells undergo similar processes to maintain homeostasis.

Cell Theory All living things are made out of cells Cells are the smallest unit of life All cells have a nucleus and cholorplasts All cells come from other cells Which of the above statements is NOT part of the Cell Theory? How do you know? SC.6.L.14.2

Homeostasis What processes of cellular homeostasis are represented by the images above? Explain why those processes are important. SC.6.L.14.3

Cell Structure and Function Life Science Cell Structure and Function

Benchmarks SC.6.L.14.4: Students will compare and/or contrast the structure and function of major organelles of plant and animal cells.

Parts of a Cell Think about: What are some key differences between plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria cells? Good review of hierarchy and cell theory as well. SC.6.L.14.4

Infectious Agents Bacteria Fungus Virus Compare and contrast the infectious agents above. Include information about how they are transmitted and treated and if/how they can be prevented SC.6.L.14.6

Prokaryote v. Eukaryote Prokaryote – a single celled organism without a nucleus Eukaryote - a single-celled or multi-cellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.

Cell Structure and Function Mitosis – cell division/complete process of copying and dividing the whole cell Plant cell v. Animal cell – Plant cells can have all the animal cells structures and a cell wall and chloroplasts.

What kind of cell is this?

Cell Structure and Function Endoplasmic Reticulum – makes proteins and transports materials Mitochondria – transforms the energy from the food into a source cells can use “powerhouse” Nucleus – contains cell’s DNA Ribosomes – puts proteins together

Cell Structure and Function Golgi Bodies – helps package and distribute products within the cell Cytoplasm – gel-like fluid that takes up most of the space inside a cell Cell membrane – structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell Vacuoles – holds waste products

Cell Structure and Function Nuclear membrane – structure that surrounds the nucleus of a cell Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll of plant cell Cell wall – stiff outer barrier of plant cell

Processes of Life Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane Diffusion – movement from an area of higher concentration to lesser concentration

Life Science DNA and Genetics

Benchmarks SC.7.L.16.1: Students will describe and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits. Students will identify and explain that hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell and that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. SC.7.L.16.2: Students will use Punnett squares and pedigrees to determine genotypic and phenotypic probabilities. SC.7.L.16.3: Students will compare and contrast general processes of sexual and asexual reproduction that result in the passage of hereditary information from one generation to another.

DNA The diagram shows the structural hierarchy of genetic material inside a cell including: nucleus, chromosome, gene, and DNA

DNA The diagram to the left shows the structural hierarchy of genetic material inside a cell including: nucleus, chromosome, gene, and DNA Describe the hierarchy in your own words as it applies to the transmission of genetic material SC.7.L.16.1

Mitosis and Meiosis A B Which of the cells above went through mitosis and which went through meiosis? How do you know? SC.7.L.16.3

Processes of Life Sexual Reproduction – combining cells from two different parents (gametes) Asexual Reproduction – one parent organism Traits inherited from parent Dominant allelle – if present, determines trait Recessive allelle – masked if dominant allelle is present

Processes of Life Punnett Square – used to predict what traits offspring will have

Processes of Life Genotype – set of genes carried by an organism Phenotype – physical appearance of an organism Homozygous – AA or aa Heterozygous - Aa

Processes of Life Adaptations – structures, behaviors, or other traits in an organism that help it to survive in its environment. spiny leaves for cacti to reduce water loss Beak shapes for types of seeds available Normal differences within species is genetic variation. Random changes are mutations and can be harmful. Ie a brown polar bear.

Life Science Theory of Evolution

Benchmarks SC.7.L.15.2: Students will identify and explain ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution by natural selection and diversity of organisms. SC.7.L.15.1: Students will identify and explain ways in which fossil evidence is consistent with the scientific theory of evolution. SC.7.L.15.3: Students will identify and explain how a species’ inability to adapt may contribute to the extinction of that species

Fossil Evidence Think about: What is some fossil evidence that has been gathered to explain the evolution from land mammals to aquatic mammals? Teachers: you should avoid the 5th example on the site as it gets into human evolution which can be controversial and is not part of the test item specs for FCAT SC.7.L.15.1

Adaptation or Extinction Explain how polar bears would have to adapt to their changing environment in order to avoid extinction SC.7.L.15.3

Changes over time Fossils – physical remains of organisms. Natural selection – the process of organisms to change over time. Adaptation – a characteristic or trait that helps an organism survive in its environment. Genetic variation – variety in offspring. Mutation – greater variation or random changes.

Changes over time Extinction – When the organisms die. Mass extinction – many species die at one time.

Symbiotic Relationships Relationships in which two different organisms live in close association to the benefit of at least one of them. Mutualism – both organisms benefit Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other remains unaffected Parasitism – one organism benefits, the other is harmed

Conservation of Mass and Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Life Science Conservation of Mass and Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration)

Benchmarks SC.8.L.18.4: Students will explain that living systems obey the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Conservation of Energy. SC.8.L.18.1 (SC.8.L.18.2): Students will describe and explain the general processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Students will describe the role of light, carbon dioxide, water, and chlorophyll in the process and products of photosynthesis SC.8.L.18.3: Students will describe how matter and energy are transferred in the carbon cycle.

Conservation of Mass and Energy Energy: states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time. This law means that energy can change its location within the system, and that it can change form within the system but not change in amount of total energy. Mass: states that the mass of an isolated system will remain constant over time. This law means that mass cannot be created or destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space and changed into different types of particles Create a statement that combines both laws into one concept. Give an example of how these laws apply to living systems. SC.8.L.18.4

Photosynthesis and Respiration Think about: What is created during photosynthesis that is used by the plant for energy? What is created during photosynthesis that is used by humans? Teachers: there are several animations on the site that may be used but the ideal one is “8.1a Process Animation: Photosynthesis: The Flow of Energy” as it shows both processes SC.8.L.18.1, SC.8.L.18.2

Nutrition Autotrophs – organisms that can make their own food. Can photosynthesize. Directly or indirectly produce food for heterotrophs.

Nutrition Heterotrophs – Must obtain food. Herbivores – feed on plants. Carnivores – feed on animals Predators – attack and kill prey Scavengers – feed on dead animals they find Omnivores – feed both on plants and animals Saprobes – obtain nutrients by breaking down the remains of dead plants and animals. Bacteria and fungus fall into this group.

Symbiotic Relationships Relationships in which two different organisms live in close association to the benefit of at least one of them. Mutualism – both organisms benefit Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other remains unaffected Parasitism – one organism benefits, the other is harmed