1. a.Diffusion [1]; high to low concentration [1] b. Large surface area [1]; thin walls [1] 2.. a.Streamlined shape [1]; lots of mitochondria [1]; to release energy [1]; for movement [1]; enzymes in the head to enter egg [1] b.[Lots of] chloroplasts [1] to absorb maximum light [1] for photosynthesis [1] 3.Anaerobic is incomplete breakdown of glucose [1]; anaerobic produces lactic acid [1]; anaerobic releases less energy [1]; aerobic produces O 2 and CO 2 [1]; anaerobic creates oxygen debt which must be repaid [1]; anaerobic occurs when lack of O 2 [1] (allow converse for any point) 4.. a.Control movement of substance sin/out of cell [1] b.Provide cell support [1]; cell turgor [1]; strengthens cell [1]; NOT ‘protect cell’ 5.. a.Muscle tissue for movement [1]; epithelial tissue to line surfaces [1]; glandular tissue to release/produce hormones/enzymes [1] b.Epidermis covers surfaces [1]; mesophyll for photosynthesis [1]; phloem to transport sugars [1]; xylem to transport water [1] 6.Isolation [1]; due to islands splitting/continental drift [1]; there was variation between different finches [1]; idea of natural selection [1]; different populations can no longer interbreed [1] 7.More CO 2 [1]; more water [1]; more light [1]; idea that lack of any of these could limit photosynthesis [1] 8.. a.Nitrates to make proteins [1]; magnesium for chlorophyll [1]; potassium/phosphorous to aid respiration [1] b.Photosynthesis [1]; light energy [1] absorbed by chlorophyll [1]; CO 2 and water converted to glucose [1]; O 2 released as by-product [1] 9.. a.Climate change [1]; over-hunting [1]; disease [1]; loss of food supply [1] (NOT prey as herbivorous) b.Not all fossils are found [1]; not all organisms are preserved [1]; fossils may be broken/fragmentary [1] Question Template Mark Scheme [1]

10. a.Correctly labelled axis (enzyme activity/rate of reaction & temperature) [1]; correct shape of graph (gradual incline up to peak, dramatic decrease after peak) [1]; optimum temp. correctly identified on x axis [1] b. Enzyme becomes denatured [1]; active site changes shape/breaks down [1]; change is irreversible [1] 11. A gene is a short section of DNA [1] that codes for a specific characteristic [1]; named example e.g. eye colour [1] 12.Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow/embryos [1]; stem cells are undifferentiated cells [1]; and can become any type of cell [1]; (link to paralysis) such as nerve cells [1] 13.Must refer to points as either advantages or disadvantages. Advantages: work at low temperatures which can save energy [1]; work at normal pressures so less expensive equipment is needed [1]. Disadvantages: easily broken down at high temps/wrong pH [1]; expensive [1]; difficulty separating enzymes from products [1] (max 2 marks for disadvantages). Named example of enzyme and use for one mark, e.g. proteases used for baby foods. 14.Dead organisms are rapidly buried [1]; anoxic environment/no oxygen [1]; over vast period of time [1] tissues are replaces by rock/minerals [1] Any two for both marks: antibodies, enzymes, haemoglobin, DNA, hormones (accept other suitable suggestions or named examples e.g. amylase) 2.DNA provides code [1]; for specific sequence of amino acids [1]; which fold to create the specific protein shape [1] Broken down by lipases [1]; emulsified by bile [1] which increases surface area for breakdown [1]; fatty acids and glycerol produced [1]; fatty acids produced reduce pH/make more acidic [1] 2.Amylase produced by salivary glands [1]; proteases produced by pancreas/stomach/small intestine [1]; amylase produced by one set of glands, proteases produced in several areas [1]; amylase breaks down starch whereas proteases break down proteases [1]; glucose/sugars produced from amylase function, amino acids produced by protease function [1] 17.Correct genotypes of each parent identified using suitable letters for 2 marks (pp & Pp); genotypes of sufferers of the condition correctly identified (Pp or PP) [1]; % chance of offspring inheriting the condition as 50% [1] 18.Named examples: mitosis and meiosis [1]; in both examples the DNA/chromosomes replicate/duplicate/produce copies [1]; mitosis contains one cell division cf. meiosis contains two divisions [1]; mitosis produces daughter cells which are genetically identical/clones/the same [1]; mitosis produces cells with 2 sets of chromosomes cf. meiosis daughter cells have 1 set of chromosomes [1]; mitosis occurs in body cells cf. meiosis occurs in sex organs (named organs) [1]; mitosis function is for growth and repair cf. meiosis function is to produce gametes/sex cells [1] Question Template Mark Scheme [2]