Objectives: Evaluate the causes and effectiveness of nineteenth and twentieth century nationalistic movements that challenged European domination in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Causes Industrial Revolution created demand for raw materials & markets Nationalism – European nations built empires in quest for power Prestige – “the sun never sets on the British Empire” Feelings of cultural superiority – Social Darwinism & racism Humanitarian – Rudyard Kipling’s the “White Man’s Burden” Humanitarian- a person promoting human welfare and social reform Missionaries tried to evangelize the “heathen masses” Emigration – a chance to strike it rich; Cecil Rhodes in Africa

Indirect rule – colonial power allowed local rulers to maintain status Direct rule – officials from the mother country replace local elites Protectorate – own government but protected by another government Sphere of influence – imperialist power held exclusive rights in region

Sepoy Mutiny caused British government to take direct control Benefits – order & stability; honest & efficient government; English Costs – economic; degrading and disrespectful rule

Central Africa David Livingstone – Scottish missionary, doctor, & explorer Henry Stanley – journalist hired to find Livingstone

Southern Africa Boers or Afrikaners – descendants of original Dutch settlers Britain seized Cape Colony in early 1800s; Great Trek, 1830s Conflict between Boers, Zulus, & British = Zulu & Boer Wars Colonial rule – 90% of Africa divided up by 1914 Berlin Conference, , met to partition the “prize“ Only Liberia & Ethiopia remained independent Institutionalized discrimination – apartheid