CHAPTER 8 SECTION 1: HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT OF LATIN AMERICA Pages Pages

1. The first people to arrive in Latin America were ancestors of today’s Native Americans. 2. The Olmec of southern Mexico built Latin America’s first civilization.

3.List 3 ways that Olmec cities focused on certain activities: 1.Some grew maize 2.Others controlled minerals like Jade and Obsidian 3.Some Cities were religious centers.

4.The maya lived in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico from A.D.

5.List 4 accomplishments of the Mayan civilization: – Pyramids – Astronomy – Number system based on 20 – Hieroglyphics: a form of writing

6.As the Mayan civilization began to die out, the Toltec seized what it now northern Mexico. 7.The Toltecs controlled (or monopolized!) obsidian: a hard volcanic glass used to making weapons. – This gave them the advantage they needed to maintain their rule.

8.The Toltec capital was Tula 9.Around 1200 A.D., the Aztec people from the north moved into central Mexico and captured Tula.

10.Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was built on an island in a lake

11.List 3 accomplishments of the Aztec in their capital: 1.Huge temples 2.Roads and Bridges connected the island city to the mainland 3.Floating gardens 12.During the 1400s the Inca had a powerful civilization in South America in what is now Peru

CHECKPOINT! What 5 groups of indigenous peoples lived in Latin America? 1.Olmecs 2.Mayans 3.Tolmecs 4.Aztecs 5.Incas True or False? All of these groups lived at the same time. – False

13.The Inca’s had an empire which is a large territory with many different peoples under one ruler 13.The capital of the Inca Empire was Cuzco

15.In 1519 a Spanish army led by Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs 16.In 1532 Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Incas.

17.Spain then built an empire that included much of: 17.South America 18.Carribean 19.Middle America 20.Parts of The United States 18.Portugal became the colonial ruler or what is today Brazil

19.France, Britain and the Netherlands took control of some Carribean areas and parts of North America 20.Europeans spread christianity among the Native Americans

21.They also used Native Americans as workers to grow cash crops, or farm products grown for export

22.Hardship and diesease greatly reduced the number of Native Americans. 23.Europeans brought enslaved Africans to meet the labor shortage.

CHECKPOINT! What 2 European countries colonized Latin America? – Spain – Portugal When the colonists arrived, what job did they have for the natives? – Grow cash crops for trade

TIMELINE ACTIVITY!TIMELINE ACTIVITY! Directions: 1.Using your textbook and notes, you will use colored pencils to make a timeline of the Latin American Native Americans. On your timeline you need to: 1.Use different colors to mark the years they lived 2.Write 5 facts about each group (25 facts total) 3.Draw 5 pictures that represent each group

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1.Latin America’s first successful revolt against European rule took place in Haiti, a territory located on the Caribbean island of Hispanola

2.An enslaved African, Toussaint-Louverture lead the revolt against French rule 1804 Haiti became a republic 3.Haiti is the only nation ever created as a result of a successful revolt by enslaved people.

4.Despite many battles between Mexico and Spain, Mexico did not win its independence until In 1823 the countries of Central America won their freedom from Spain 6.In 1819 Simon Bolivar won freedom for the present- day countries of 1.Venezuela 2.Colombia 3.Ecuador 4.Bolivia

7.Jose de San Martin fought for freedom in southern South America and freed Argentina and Chile. 8.San Martin and Simon Bolivar jointly defeated Spanish forces in Peru 9.The 1820s also saw Brazil break away from Portugal

CHECKPOINT! Which enslaved African freed Haiti in 1804? – Toussaint-Louverture What four countries did Simon Bolivar earn freedom for in 1819? 1. Venezuela 2. Colombia 3. Ecuador 4. Bolivia

10.List 3 conflicts that Latin American countries quarreled over: – Role of religion in society – Countries fought over boundary lines – Tensions between the rich and the poor 11.Caudillos were strong leaders that made it difficult for democracy and prosperity to develop. – They were usually high-ranking military officers.

12.In 1898 the United States and Spain fought a war over Spanish-ruled Cuba 13.The U.S. won the war and Cuba became an independent republic. The U.S. gained control of the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico.

14.In 1903 the U.S. helped Panama win its independence from Colombia 15.Panama then gave the U.S. the right to build the Panama Canal from 1904 to 1914

Let’s take a look at the Panama Canal!

16.In the 1930s, the U.S. announced the Good Neighbor Policy towards Latin America. – Under this policy the U.S. promised not to send military forces to Latin America – It also pledged a greater respect for the rights of Latin American countries

17.In 1959 Fidel Castro carried out a revolution in Cuba. 18.Castro set up a Communist State in Cuba where the government controlled the economy and the society.

CHECKPOINT! What policy did the U.S. announce in the 1930s in regards to its relationship with Latin America? – The Good Neighbor Policy What promises did this policy involve? – Not to send Military Forces – To respect the rights of Latin Americans

List 4 challenges Latin American government face today: – Population Growth – Limited resources – Illegal drug trade and corruption – Differences between the rich and the poor

DEBRIEF! What is the theme of today’s notes?

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER ACTIVITYGRAPHIC ORGANIZER ACTIVITY Using pages of the textbook, write down four facts for each bubble – You should have 20 facts total Turn in on Ms. Mountjoy’s desk for a grade