ACHIEVEMENT & CONTRIBUTIONS IN SCIENCE & TECHNILOGY PERSPECTIVE

 PAPER MAKING  PRINTING  GUN-POWDER  COMPASS

PAPER MAKING

 Paper making marked a preeminent invention of the ancient Chinese working people.  Prior to its invention, the Egyptians wrote on thin barks of stalks of papyri, the Europeans wrote on sheep skin, and the Chinese resorted to tortoise shells, bamboo, wood and silk cloth.  In the Western Han Dynasty, people processed silk fiber into thin pieces, called silk fiber paper, which was rudimentary paper making.  Because silk was costly, people processed ramie fiber into thin pieces that was the plant fiber paper.  In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun assimilated the previous experiences and carried out many experiments.

known as “mother of civilization” Carved plate printing was developed on the basis of ancient stone carving and seal carving. It consists of seven adhered sheets with a total length of 533 cm., clearly printed, showing a superb carving skill.

 Due to the high cost of carved plate printing with respect to labor and material, the printing industry was set to improve the technique.  Bi Shen, a printing carver, invented typography.  His method was to carve single words on pieces of clay, heat them in fire till they hardened and use them as types.  Then he set the types into printing plates. This was the beginning of typography. Later, people also made types with tin, copper and other metal.

› China was the home of alchemy. › The invention of gunpowder was a by-product of alchemy, the primary purpose of which was to make elixir. › Originally, gunpowder was used in China for making fireworks and fire crackers for the sake of amusement. › Since the Five Dynasties it began to be used for military purposes.

 In the Song Dynasty gunpowder was used widely in battles.  Example : the thorn fire ball, the smoky fire ball, the cannon, etc.  The invention of gunpowder meant a far-reaching technological revolution that transformed heat energy into mechanic energy, greatly promoting the progress of the global civilization.

The invention of compass was epoch-making in navigation. According to historic literature, in the Warring States period the Chinese already knew that natural magnet could be used to indicate directions. Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty explained the making of a compass :

 It was made of a natural magnet polished into the shape of spoon.  When it was put on a flat place, the spoon handle turned to point to the south automatically.  In the Song Dynasty, the compass was already used in navigation.  Compass spread to Arabia in the twelfth century, where it was known as “friend of sailors”.  The use of the compass in ocean navigation accelerated the progress of human civilization.

CHINA NOWDAYS

1.351 billion people Religion-most Buddha Capital City, Beijing Economy 1. Top export in the world 2. In February 2011, become the second largest economy in the world 3. The largest oil producer after USA 4. World’s biggest producer and consumer of coal 5. The third landmass in the world

Social 1. Communist-based government 2. Official language is standard Mandarin 3. Democratic system 4. President(5 years lead) as a leader chose by National Congress of the People

Great Wall of China Build 2000 years when America having a war(4185BC-2215BC) until Dynasty Ming(1368C-1644C). Build to avoid an attack from Mongolia soldiers It was 8851km long or 5500 miles The structure was very hard and strong

The Forbidden City Located at the middle of Beijing Build( ) Palace for king There are 980 buildings inside it sqr ft The structure 100% based on Chinese architecture Now, as a museum, everyone can enter

CHINESE IN MALAYSIA

Language 1. Hokkien 2. Hakka 3. Cantonese 4. Teochew 5. Hokchiue 6. Hainan 7. Konsai 8. Mandarin 9. Malaysia 10. English

Religion 1. Buddha 2. Taoisme 3. Islam 4. Christian 5. Hindu 6. Iqtiqad 7. Free-thinker

Culture 1. Still maintain their mother culture 2. Some of them live in urban life 3. Example of traditional culture:  Lion dance(Pinyin,wushi) they believe that the lion is the protector of mankind  Mooncake festival  Chap Goh Mei  12 Zodiac- (rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,sheep,roa ster,dog,pig,monkey)  Believe in afterlife-reincarnation

Example of Chinese food in Malaysia  Bakkuteh  Yong Tau Fu  Mooncake  Dim Sum  Dumplings  Etc Chinese traditional clothes  Cheong Sam(ladies)