American Revolution

The concept of diffusion can refer to the spreading of ideas and governments. The United States of America was influenced by many early forms of representative government originating from Western Europe. The concept of diffusion can refer to the spreading of ideas and governments. The United States of America was influenced by many early forms of representative government originating from Western Europe. The American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution are prime examples of the concept of diffusion. The American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution are prime examples of the concept of diffusion.

When England sought to impose new taxes on the colonists without their consent in the 1760s and 1770s, this set off a chain of events that ended with American independence.

Later, the English developed a representative legislature known as Parliament. Later, the English developed a representative legislature known as Parliament.

The colonists enjoyed several democratic institutions based on English political tradition. In the Magna Carta of 1215, the English king promised not to take away property or to imprison freemen except according to the laws of the land or trial by jury. In addition, the king agreed not to impose new taxes without consent by a council of his nobles.

Other democratic traditions developed among the colonists themselves. Virginia established its own House of Burgesses, elected representatives who helped govern the colony.

Reasons for Colonial Assemblies 1. The long distance from England. 1. The long distance from England. 2. Tradition of Participating in Government (parliament). 2. Tradition of Participating in Government (parliament). 3. Colonial assemblies shared power with Royal Governor maintaining power to tax. 3. Colonial assemblies shared power with Royal Governor maintaining power to tax.

Causes of the Revolution

In 1754, Britain and France became engaged in the French and Indian War. By 1763, the British had defeated the French and gained control of Canada, but had incurred a large debt in the course of this struggle.

Mercanitlism Economic theory that bases a nations wealth on the amount of gold and bullion in its treasury Economic theory that bases a nations wealth on the amount of gold and bullion in its treasury Raw materials were exported from colonies in order for the mother country to make a profit Raw materials were exported from colonies in order for the mother country to make a profit Each nation tried to have more goods coming in than going out. This was called a “favorable balance of trade.” Each nation tried to have more goods coming in than going out. This was called a “favorable balance of trade.”

French and Indian War A struggle between the British and the French. Colonists fought for the British, while the Native Americans fought for the French. A struggle between the British and the French. Colonists fought for the British, while the Native Americans fought for the French. The British won, receiving all lands east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. The British won, receiving all lands east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. Colonists were not allowed to settle the land they helped win. Colonists were not allowed to settle the land they helped win. Colonists were taxed to pay the war cost. Colonists were taxed to pay the war cost.

War Debts The British Parliament quickly imposed new taxes on the colonies to help pay off their war debt.

Taxation without Representation The Stamp Act (1765) required colonial newspapers, books, and document to carry an official government stamp. Colonists objected to this tax since they were not represented in Parliament. After a wave of protests, Parliament repealed the stamp tax, but replaced it with new taxes on paper, glass, and tea.

Quartering of Troops The British also sent troops to the colonies, some of which were quartered in colonist’s homes. The colonists again protested. The British finally repealed all the new taxes except the tax on tea.

In 1773, a group of protesters threw tea off British ships in Boston Harbor. As a result of the “Boston Tea Party,” the British government closed Boston Harbor and banned public meetings until the tea was paid for. Angered at this move, representatives of the colonies met in Philadelphia as a Continental Congress.

Boston Tea Party A protest against the Tea Act of The Tea Act let the British East India Tea Company bypass tea merchants and sell directly to colonist A protest against the Tea Act of The Tea Act let the British East India Tea Company bypass tea merchants and sell directly to colonist Colonist dressed as Indians and dumped British tea into Boston Harbor Colonist dressed as Indians and dumped British tea into Boston Harbor

Lexington & Concord In 1775, British soldiers exchanged gunfire with colonial volunteers at Lexington and Concord, marking the start of the American Revolution. Colonial assemblies throughout the colonies quickly voted to join the struggle.

Declaration of Independence By mid-1776, members of the Continental Congress agreed on seeking independence. A committee was formed to draft the Declaration of Independence. A young Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, became its main author.

John Locke The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, The Declaration not only made the colonies independent but also proclaimed a theory of government based on 18 th century beliefs (John Locke). According to this theory, people have certain “unalienable rights.” Enlightened Philosopher John Locke and his Social Contract.

Unalienable Rights “unalienable rights” – basic human rights that cannot be taken away from them. The job of government is to protect its citizen’s unalienable rights.

The Declaration of Independence announced that “all men are created equal,” and that they enjoy certain unalienable rights – “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

The Declaration went on to state that if a government failed to protect the very rights it was created to protect, then its citizens had the right to change their government – by revolution if necessary.

Grievances (Complaints) The Declaration followed with a list of specific grievances the colonists felt had been committed by the King against them. For example, the King had impose taxes on the colonists without their consent.

Military Struggle ( ) The Continental Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. At first, the colonial army suffered several defeats.

Battle of Saratoga However, the British surrender at Saratoga in 1777 marked a turning point in the war. It showed the British could be defeated and convinced France to help the Americans.

Battle of Yorktown With French help, Washington was able to defeat the British several years later at Yorktown, Virginia. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783) ending the war, the British recognized American independence and gave the new United States all the lands stretching west to the Mississippi River.

Republic With independence, each former colony became an independent state. Each state chose to establish a republic – government by popularly elected representatives. In this system of government, ultimate power rests in the hands of the people.

Americans soon recognized the need for some kind of central government uniting all thirteen states. An agreement known as the Articles of Confederation went into effect in The agreement created a weak, loose association of independent state (weak federal government and strong states governments.)

The Articles of Confederation had a number of shortcomings. Under the Articles, each state had one vote in the new Confederation Congress. Support of all 13 states was needed to pass an amendment.

There was no national executive or national court system. The Confederation Congress could not levy taxes or enforce its laws or decisions. Each state government remained more powerful than the new national government.

Constitutional Convention Many Americans felt that the new central government had too little power to do its job properly. Delegates were sent to Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation. They quickly decided to abandon the Articles and drafted a new Constitution.

Constitution Debates Before the Constitution could go into effect, the delegates decided that nine of the 13 states should ratify (approve) it. A great debate followed on whether the new plan of government should replace the Articles of Confederation.

The Articles of Confederation

The Articles were written in 1777 by John Dickinson, a Penn. statesman The Articles were written in 1777 by John Dickinson, a Penn. statesman The Articles were accepted by Congress in 1781 and is considered the first national constitution The Articles were accepted by Congress in 1781 and is considered the first national constitution

The Articles of Confederation The fear of having too much power in one person’s hands reflects the experiences the colonies had under a monarchy The fear of having too much power in one person’s hands reflects the experiences the colonies had under a monarchy In the Articles the state governments limit the power of the national Congress In the Articles the state governments limit the power of the national Congress

Strengths of the Articles of Confederation The Treaty of Paris 1783 was signed The Treaty of Paris 1783 was signed The Northwest Ordinance was past The Northwest Ordinance was past Had the power to declare war and peace, print money, make treaties and settle state disputes Had the power to declare war and peace, print money, make treaties and settle state disputes

Strengths of the Articles of Confederation: Settling Western Lands The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land in the west was to be surveyed using a grid system to establish 6 mile blocks The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land in the west was to be surveyed using a grid system to establish 6 mile blocks The Northwest Ordinance assisted in the orderly expansion of the United States, it outlined a plan for applying for statehood to western territories The Northwest Ordinance assisted in the orderly expansion of the United States, it outlined a plan for applying for statehood to western territories 5,000 free males who own 50 acres can start govt 5,000 free males who own 50 acres can start govt Population of 60,000 could become a state Population of 60,000 could become a state

Settling Western lands The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West It promised It promised no slavery no slavery education education freedom of religion freedom of religion trial by jury trial by jury

Northwest Territory The Northwest Territory was east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River. The states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin would be formed from this area.

Reasons for Shay’s Rebellion Farmers are required to pay debts in gold, they have no money because they were not paid during the war Farmers are required to pay debts in gold, they have no money because they were not paid during the war Wealthy lawmakers invested their money in the war too. And seek to get money from the farmers debts Wealthy lawmakers invested their money in the war too. And seek to get money from the farmers debts

Shays’s Rebellion Poor farmers are not represented in the Mass legislature and cannot pass debt relief laws Poor farmers are not represented in the Mass legislature and cannot pass debt relief laws The rebellion will free debtors from prisons and close courts that are hearing cases against farmers The rebellion will free debtors from prisons and close courts that are hearing cases against farmers

Shays’s Rebellion The Mass militia is called out to stop it The Mass militia is called out to stop it Poor farmers in 1791 elect officials who support their stance and will close courthouses and demand financial help from the Congress Poor farmers in 1791 elect officials who support their stance and will close courthouses and demand financial help from the Congress Shays’s Rebellion will prompt national leaders to create a stonger central government Shays’s Rebellion will prompt national leaders to create a stonger central government

Samuel Adams Said What?! “Rebellion against a king may be pardoned, or lightly punished, but the man who dares to rebel against the laws of a republic ought to suffer death”

Views about Shays’s Rebellion Adams will also write a law called the Riot Act, which prohibits 12 people or more from meeting and gives the government the power to shoot rioters! Adams will also write a law called the Riot Act, which prohibits 12 people or more from meeting and gives the government the power to shoot rioters! Samuel sure has changed since 1776! Samuel sure has changed since 1776!

Thomas Jefferson Said What?! "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government. God forbid that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion."

Constitution Ratified (1789) By the end of 1788, twelve states had voted to ratify the Constitution. The new Constitution went into effect in 1789.