Change Detection in Red Sea Coral Reefs Using Landsat-5 TM & Landsat-7 ETM+ Name: Musab Osman Salih Mohamed Supervisor: Dr. Åke Sivertun

Presentation Contents Disposition: 1- Motivation 2- Background 3- Problem Definition 4- Objectives and Scope 5- Approach 7- Analysis 8- Results 9- Discussion 10- Conclusion and Future Work

The costal zones are home to the majority of our global population and the oceans and seas provide some of the earth's most important and dynamic elements. 1- Motivation The purpose of this research is to describe a method to detect change in the growth of coral reefs, Thus giving us some of the means to monitor the effect of human and nonhuman activities on the coral reefs ecosystem.

The year 1997 was an year for coral reefs reservation and conservation International Coral Reef Initiative designated 2008 as the international year for coral reefs (IYOR 2008 [1] ) [1] [1] [1] International Year of reef iyor.org Coral reefs Coral reef ecosystems are complex resources teeming with biological diversity. Coral reefs are vital to fisheries production and coastal protection. 1- Motivation

Site Theory The Red Sea is an important international water body. It has been since Ancient times a source of food for thousands of coastal populations; maritime, trading and cultural route. Red Sea Sudan The Sudanese Red Sea coast extends for about750 km. It is famous for its high biological diversity and well-developed habitats and living and non-living resources. Reefs. ( 08.htm). 08.htm Reefs Base site: ( 2- Background Red Sea

Generally there are three different kinds of coral reefs Fringing Reefs, Barrier Reefs Atoll Reefs. 2- Background

Pollution, over fishing, and overuse have put many of our unique reefs at risk. Their disappearance would destroy the habitat of countless species. It would unravel the web of marine life that holds the potential for new chemicals, new medicines, and unlocking new mysteries. Tourism Coastal Development Maritime Transport 3- Problems Definition

Build scientific capacity necessary to provide the information needed for management and monitoring. Determining the status and locations of the coral reefs gives efficient allocation of coral reefs. Monitoring the coral reefs so as to give periodical data and information. Detect and measure change that take place in coral reefs during the time which lead to good monitoring and development of reefs. 4- Objectives And Scope

Time scope SENSOR_ID = TM5 (1884) ACQUISITION_DATE 06/13/84 FILE_FORMAT GEOTIFF DATA_FORMAT BYTE SENSOR TM PROJECTION UTM37 DATUM WGS84 Sudan EarthSat Ortho, GeoCover SENSOR_ID = ETM+ 7 (2001) ACQUISITION_DATE = FILE_FORMAT GEOTIFF DATA_FORMAT BYTE STATION_ID = "EDC" GROUND_STATION = "SGS" Sudan EarthSat Ortho, GeoCover Satellite remote sensing is increasingly used to map and monitor coral reefs. A time series of Landsat-5 images and Landsat-7 images spanning 1984–2001 analyzed to detect changes.

Resolution Land Sat imagery is relatively high resolution earth. The satellite sensors acquire high integrity images of the planet surface in a systematic fashion. 4- Objectives And Scope Area of Study Coordinate System Maximum Y: Minimum Y: Maximum X: Minimum X:

Remote Sensing and GIS Remote sensing, in combination with GIS, is a powerful tool for integrated coastal zone management and monitoring of coral reef areas. Remotely sensed images have a number of features which make them ideal GIS data sources. Remote sensing provides a regional view. Remote sensing provides repetitive looks at the same area. Remote sensors "see" over a broader portion of the spectrum than the human eye. Sensors can focus in on a very specific bandwidth in an image. They can also look at a number of bandwidths simultaneously. 6- Approach

Study Area: The area of study has been mentioned from the red sea, Sudanese international navigational chart which is called (Shaab Suaadi) Barrier Reefs. Study Area (Shaab Suaadi) 7- Analysis

Study area in ETM & TM Bands. TM Digitized ETM Digitized 7- Analysis

8- Results A- TM 1984 bands shows that there is change in the is the area comparing with ETM 2001 bands the area in TM bands was greater than the area in TM bands indicates that there is change that took place in the coral during the years. TM 1984 ETM 2001 TM 1984 ETM Analysis

The tow figure represent change in charts shows the differences between the TM 1984 and ETM 2001 data. 7- Analysis

Summery of results The results shows that there different between bands in TM 1984 and ETM 2001 that appears in the areas. The area was area in TM 1984 bands was larger than ETM bands The amount of coral reefs in year 1984 was greater or larger extend comparing with the year 2001 which become less the bands shows. 7- Analysis

The coral reef has become an endangered habitat. "Among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth," the coral reefs of ninety-three countries have been subject to damage and destruction by human beings Hag, A.D.G. (1994). A London Times reporter, (April1997) Said: "Corals were being hung on to and dislodged in the strong currents, fragile staghorn and fire corals were being broken into pieces by careless fin kicks or being landed on as a result of poor buoyancy control. "This area is very dry, with large seasonal fluctuations in air and water temperatures, and has probably the greatest extremes in tropical marine climates. The reef animals and plants have been selected to survive under these conditions of high stress [1]." [1] The most stress to Sudanese coral reefs is the process of Salina and, some government process for making new ports or sea lanes and shore infrastructure development. Cousteau study area, on Sha'ab Rumi reef Represented that: many of the Sudanese corals are dead. Some of the extremely large table corals...stand now as great, lifeless skeletons [1]." [1] "Tourism results in local damage from anchors, waste disposal, and spear fishing.

Conclusion and Future Work In this report GIS and Remote Sensing was studied as a possible way to detect change in the configuration and composition of coral reefs along the Sudanese coast line called the coral Suaadi. This analysis is motivated by the need to spot marine, coastal areas which are potentially en- dangered by human and nonhuman activities. Such information could be used to support the sustainable planning and monitoring of Sudanese coral reefs areas. This study shows that a change in the area of study has in fact occurred. The two datasets used indicates a declination of the total area covered by coral reefs by approximately 15% from the year 1984 to the year The result as such demonstrates the use of wide remote sensing analysis combined with a 3D representation of the data collected to discover potential problem areas, possible aiding us in the decision making process concerning the monitoring and protection of the coral reefs.

Remote sensing, in combination with GIS, is a powerful tool for integrated coastal zone management and monitoring of coral reef areas. In this research, some examples are given of remote sensing derived information on the configuration and composition of coral reefs called coral suaadi, Sudan. It recommended considering mobile GIS AS future work with arcpad for capture, gather, analyze, and display geographical information from field. It can be useful in, "Perform reliable, accurate, and validated field data collection, Integrate GPS, rangefinders, and digital cameras into GIS data collection, Share enterprise data with field-workers for updating and decision making, Improve the productivity of GIS data collection, Improve the accuracy of the GIS database and make it more up to date" (ESRI. 2007). The results in general could particularly help decision makers to assess protection related problems, to support their decision and to help them prioritize the monitoring and planning. 10- Conclusion

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