Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 1 Infancy and Childhood CHAPTER 8 LESSONS Physical Development Social Development Cognitive Development

© South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8Slide 2 LESSON 8.1 Physical Development OBJECTIVES Identify and distinguish the three stages of prenatal development. Describe brain and body development and classify reflexes of the newborn.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 3 Development Development is the systematic physical, cognitive, and social changes in the individual occurring between conception and death.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 4 Prenatal Development Prenatal development is the many changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn baby. Three stages of prenatal development Germinal stage Embryonic stage Fetal stage

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 5 Germinal Stage The zygote is a fertilized human egg during the first two weeks following conception.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 6 Embryonic Stage An embryo is a developing human organism from the third week after fertilization through the eighth week.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 7 Fetal Stage A fetus is the developing human organism from about nine weeks after fertilization to birth.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 8 Fetal Stage Concerns Malnutrition Affects of drugs and alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome is physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that result when pregnant women consume large quantities of alcohol. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 9 Brain and Body Development Brain development Physical growth and motor development Reflexes

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 10 Figure 8-1 Neural Network Growth During Infancy

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 11 Figure 8-2 Motor Development

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 12 Reflexes A reflex is an automatic body response to a stimulus that is involuntary. Survival reflexes Primitive reflexes

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 13 Reflexes of the Newborn Baby Survival Reflexes Breathing reflex Eye-blink reflex Pupillary reflex Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Swallowing reflex Primitive Reflexes Babinski reflex Grasping reflex Moro or “startle” reflex Swimming reflex Stepping reflex

© South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8Slide 14 LESSON 8.2 Social Development OBJECTIVES Analyze attachment. Discuss self-awareness and self-concept development. Explain Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 15 Attachment Attachment is the strong emotional bond young children form with their parents or primary caregivers. The development of attachment Secure and insecure attachment styles

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 16 Figure 8-3 Possible Causes of Children’s Attachment Style

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 17 Self-Awareness and Self-Concept Development Self-concept is the “theory” or “story” that you construct about yourself through your life experiences and interactions with others. Socialization is the process of learning about yourself and your culture and how to live within it.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 18 Self-Awareness Self-awareness is a state of mind where you think about yourself.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 19 Parental and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept Self-esteem is the evaluation of your self-concept as being good, bad, or mediocre.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 20 Parenting Styles Authoritative parents are parents who set rules for proper conduct for their children, consistently enforce those rules, yet allow their children a fair amount of freedom. Permissive parents are parents who allow their children to set their own rules, make few demands, and submit to their children’s desires.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 21 Cultural Differences in Individualism and Collectivism Collectivism Emphasizes obedience and knowing your proper place Individualism Encourages independence and self- reliance

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 22 Gender Socialization Gender refers to the meaning that a society and the people within it attach to being female and male. Gender identity is the knowledge that you are a male or a female and the internalization of this fact into your self- concept. Gender expectations

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 23 Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Eight identifiable stages Crisis or conflict for each stage

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 24 Identity StageCrisis Infancy (birth–1 year)Trust vs. mistrust Toddlerhood (1–2 years)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Preschooler (3–5 years)Initiative vs. guilt Elementary school (6–12 years)Competence vs. inferiority Adolescence (13–18 years)Identity vs. role confusion Young adulthood (19–45 years)Intimacy vs. isolation Middle adulthood (46–65 years)Generativity vs. stagnation Late adulthood (66 years and up)Integrity vs. despair Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

© South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8Slide 25 LESSON 8.3 Cognitive Development OBJECTIVES Explain cognitive development and differentiate between assimilation and accommodation. Discuss the first four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 26 Cognition Cognition is the mental activity of knowing and the process by which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 27 Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1896–1980) A schema is an organized cluster of knowledge that you use to understand and interpret information. Assimilation is the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas. Accommodation is the process of changing existing schemas in order to absorb new information.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 28 Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 29 Table 8-3 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Typical Age RangeDescription of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth–2 yearsSensorimotor—Experiencing the world through actions (grasping, looking, touching, and sucking) ● Object permanence ● Stranger anxiety 2–6 yearsPreoperational—Representing things with words and images but no logical reasoning ● Pretend play ● Egocentrism ● Language 7–11 yearsConcrete operational—Thinking logically about concrete events; understanding concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations ● Conservation ● Mathematical transformations 11 years– adulthood Formal operational—Using abstract reasoning ● Abstract logic

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 30 Sensorimotor Stage Infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. Object permanence is the realization that an object continues to exist even if you can’t see it or touch it. Representational thought is the ability to picture (or represent) something in your mind, even when it is not physically present.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 31 Preoperational Stage Children think in terms of language and begin to engage in make-believe play. Egocentrism is the tendency to view the world from your own perspective without recognizing that others may have different viewpoints. Conservation is the understanding that certain physical properties of an object remain unchanged despite changes in it appearance.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 32 Figure 8-4 The Three-Mountains Problem

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 33 Figure 8-5 Conservation of Liquid, Mass, and Number

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 34 Concrete Operational Stage Children perform mental operations and begin logical reasoning. Children’s thinking and use of logic are limited to concrete reality, not abstract or hypothetical concepts.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 35 Formal Operational Stage Children reason abstractly and make predictions about hypothetical situations. Problem solving involves systemic and reflective strategies.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 36 Refinements in Piaget’s Theory Children are more cognitively advanced and adults are less cognitively complex than Piaget’s theory suggests. Theory of mind is the commonsense knowledge about other people’s thoughts and feelings that allow you to understand and predict their behavior. Social and environmental factors have a greater influence on cognitive development than Piaget thought.

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 37 Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 1. 1.Which refers to a developing human organism from the third week after fertilization through the eighth week? a. a.fetus b. b.embryo c. c.gene-cell d. d.zygote

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 38 Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 2. 2.Which is a survival reflex? a. a.breathing b. b.startle c. c.Babinski d. d.grasping

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 39 Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 3. 3.Which refers to knowing you are male or female? a. a.socialization b. b.self-awareness c. c.gender identity d. d.self-concept

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 40 Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 4. 4.In which stage of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development does an individual meet the crisis of initiative versus guilt? a. a.infancy b. b.toddlerhood c. c.preschooler d. d.elementary school

Chapter 8 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 41 Chapter 8 Clicker Questions 5. 5.Object permanence marks the beginning of representational thought. a. a.True b. b.False