عوامل تاثیر گذار در ظرفیت حاصلخیزی خاک ها الف :عوامل خاکی: بافت(نوع رس،ساختمان خاک، مواد آلی و فعالیت بیولوژی خاک، وجود عناصر غذایی،تخلل، وپ هاش خاک، فرسایش،

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عوامل تاثیر گذار در ظرفیت حاصلخیزی خاک ها الف :عوامل خاکی: بافت(نوع رس،ساختمان خاک، مواد آلی و فعالیت بیولوژی خاک، وجود عناصر غذایی،تخلل، وپ هاش خاک، فرسایش، سیل و آب زیرزمینی ب: عوامل گیاهی: نوع گیاه، قدرت جذب عناصرو رطوبت گیاه، تولید مواد آلی در خاک و ترشحات ریشه برای انحلال عناصر غذایی کم محلول، تثبیت نیتروژن، بهره برداری حجم بیشتر خاک توسط توسعه ریشه و نهایتاٌ زندگی همزیستی با باکتری ها و قارچ ها میکوریز عوامل مدیریتی: خاک ورزی، تناوب، آبیاری و دور آبیاری، فاصله خطوط، تراکم بذر، مصرف کود های شیمیایی، اصلاح شوری و قلیایت خاک، کنترل علف های هرز، آفات و بیماریها

Organic matter OM Composition 1) Nonhumic substances (20%, little or no color) These include: lignin Cellulose hemicellulose lignocellulose other polysaccharides (important in short term effects on soil structure) polypeptides and amino acids fatty acids simple carboxylic acids 2) Humic Substances (humin, humic acid, fulvic acid) – High Specific Surface Area: m2 g-1 – High CEC: cmolc kg-1 – pH dependent or variable CEC – high-molecular weight – Rich in O containing functional groups COOH phenolic or enolic OH alcoholic OH C=O of quinones OM Composition Functions of SOM Soil Warming Promotes soil structural stability Supplies plant nutrients (N, P, S) As a source of energy for soil fauna improve bioactuvities and bioavailability of nutrieny

Organic matter Soil organic matter is distinguished by its high moisture retention, low plasticity, and the dark color Favorable physical properties such as high water holding capacity, more stable structure, improved tilth, and more rapid water infiltration associated with mineral soils having significant organic matter content. Humus maintains ions in an easily exchangeable form, Mineralization of soil humus releases some amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur from organic forms, and can dramatically influence the availability of micronutrients. Soil animal improve soil fertility quality by usage organic matter

ساختمان خاك کروی شکل Spheroid ؛ خاکدانه­ها کوچک ودارای زوایاولبه­های گردبوده وقابل انطباق بایکدیگر نمی­باشند،از این­رو فضای خالی بین آنها زیادوپس از آبیاری نیز همواره مقداری هوادراین منافذ وجود دارداین واحدهای ساختمانی را دانه وخاکهای مربوطه رادانه­ای می­­گویند.این نوع ساختمان بیشتر درخاکهای خوب با موادآلی فراوان دیده می­شود. تجمع خاکدانه­ها باهم تشکیل ورقه­ها یا صفحاتی را Platy structure ساختمان ورقه­ای؛ می­دهند که عمدتا افقی ودر سطح خاک قراردارند.این ورقه­ها اغلب روی هم قرار گرفته وازنفوذ­­­ پذیری خاک می­کاهد.این نوع ساختمانها بیشتردرافقهای رسی خاکها دیده می­شود. منشوری شکل Prismatic؛ تجمع خاکدانه­ها دراین ساختمان بیشترعمودی است وتشکیل ستونهایا منشورهای با سطوح جانبی صاف وصیقلی را می­دهندکه عمدتا درقسمت­های سطحی خاک­های مناطق خشک دیده می­شوند ویکی از مشخصات اصلی خاکهای قلیائی بشمار می­رود.شکافها،درزهاوترکهای خاک در این نوع ساختمان بیشتر عمودی است. مکعبی شکل Cubic؛ ابعاد واحدهای ساختمانی در این نوع خاک­ها تقریبا مساوی ودرزوترکهای خاک درهردوجهت افقی وعمودی یکسان دیده می­شوند.گوشه­های آنها ممکن است تیز(مکعبی)یاسائیده یا مدور باشد.این نوع ساختمان بیشتر در تحت­الارض مشاهده می­شود.نفوذ­پذیری خاک پس از آبیاری دراثرتورم خاک بسیار کاهش می­یابد. ستوني شكل column structure

Components of soil fertility Soil depth (determining the volume of soil accessible to the root system). Most arable crops prefer about one metre without any obstructing layer. Soil structure (based on size distribution and aggregation of particles). This determines the distribution of pore sizes which is decisive for the supply of air and water to the roots. 5 Overview and importance of soil fertility

9 Content of nutrients with different degrees of availability. Storage capacity for soluble nutrients from the soil and fertilizers. Soil pH/ reaction (an indicator and regulator of chemical processes and equilibrium). Components of soil fertility Picture shows the availability of nutrients at different soil pH

Review: Nutrients Needed by all Crops Primary Nitrogen (N) Potassium (K) Phosphorus (P) Secondary Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Micro Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Chlorine (Cl) Boron (B) Molybdenum (Mo) Content of nutrients with different degrees of availability. Storage capacity for soluble nutrients from the soil and fertilizers.