Chapter 2-3 & 2-4 Page Carbon Compounds & Enzymes 6 C Carbon What’s so special about Carbon? Most of your body is built from carbon; carbon is required for all life!

The element Carbon is unique enough to be the main component of both graphite and diamonds. Heat and pressure form diamonds.

Unit 5: Organic Chemistry aka Biochemistry The study of all molecules that contain bonds between carbon compounds. The four major molecules studied are: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

MACRO MACRO molecules Polymerization Polymerization – the process by which large compounds (macromolecules) are made by joining together smaller ones. (4 giant molecules, giant in size and importance to Biochemistry)

Mono = Greek prefix meaning one monocle monorail

Poly = Greek prefix meaning many polygamy polydactyly

Monomer Monomer – basic part of macromolecule made of only 1 molecule Polymer Polymer – entire macromolecule made of several molecules (monomers)

1. Carbohydrates Monomers – Monosaccharide (1 sugar) Contains - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Function – main source of energy, structural purposes in plants Examples – glucose, fructose, cellulose, polysaccharide Macromolecule 1 of 4

Starch Glucose

1.What molecule is removed when two monomers are combined. 2.Why do you suppose a polysaccharide is better for long term energy storage? 3.Write the formula of a polysaccharide that has 4 glucose molecules. Remember, each glucose molecule is C 6 H 12 O 6 Ticket out of class. 1/20/16

liposuction

lipoma

lipozene

2. Lipids Monomers – Glycerol and Fatty Acids Contains – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Function – storage of energy, cell membranes, chemical messengers Examples – fats, oils and waxes Macromolecule 2 of 4

3. Proteins Monomers – Amino Acids (20 of them) Contains – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Function – controls rate of reactions, forms muscles and bones, transports materials in and out of cells, helps fight disease Examples – Alanine, Serine, Tryptophan Macromolecule 3 of 4

Proteins are complex 3D molecules that only work if the shape is just right.Aminoacids Individual Amino Acids (monomers) are joined to make a complex 3D protein (polymer). 3D Protein

Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins. Their order determines the form and function of the 3D protein. The protein that makes you skin may read: Valine, Serine, Alanine, Tryprophan However, the protein that makes your muscles may read: Serine, Tryptophan, Valine, Serine Animo Acids linked (Monomers) The entire Protein (Polymer)

General structure of Amino Acids Alanine Serine Carboxyl group Amino Acids (The 20 Monomers of Proteins) Amino Group Key: Green = Amino Group Blue = Carboxyl Group

4. Nucleic Acids Monomer – Nucleotides: (4) Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Contains – Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen & Phosphorus Function – stores and transmits genetic information (genes) Examples – DNA and RNA Macromolecule 4 of 4

Carbon Compounds (Macromolecules) include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

This product turns Water and Carbon Dioxide into FRESH SODA! What makes Soda bubbly? Carbonic Acid (H 2 CO 2 )

Sorry to be a downer… again… but…. Carbonic Acid literally rots your teeth.

- A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. - Involves breaking of bonds and forming of new bonds The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products. CO 2 + H 2 O  Reactants  H 2 CO 3 Products What are Chemical reactions??

Iron will gradually combine with oxygen to produce a compound known as rust (Mr. Bandos’ beautiful car) Chemical Reaction Example What are the: - Reactants?? - Product??

Energy in Reactions  Chemical reactions that release energy (exothermic) often occur spontaneously  Chemical reactions that absorb energy(endothermic) will not occur without a source of energy. Not spontaneous. Activation energy – energy needed to get a reaction started

Activation Energy: Energy needed to start a chemical reaction. (E a ) This stinks… I wish I could lower the size of this hill (activation energy) (E a )

The burning of the lipids in a potato chip will work with an ordinary match. However, we can lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY by adding a CATALYST. Gasoline would be a great catalyst. Please don’t try at home.

Catalysts  Substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Similar to pushing up a smaller hill. (E a )

Catalysts = Substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Enzymes – proteins that act as biological catalysts Examples of Enzymes Lipase = Protease = enzyme that speeds Up the chemical break down of Lipids. enzyme that speeds up the chemical break down of proteins

This is a polysaccharide molecule. Just like what is found in saltine crackers. What color will it appear in a Benedict test? What color will the saltine crackers change if Amylase is added? Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into its monomers (monosaccharides). Blue Orange

Reactants Products Activiation Energy (E a ) Normal reaction Reaction with enzyme Energy  

Enzyme – Substrate Complex Enzymes are very specific and only work with one substrate. enzyme substrate

Enzymes are a type of protein that has a specific 3D shape. This specific shape allows for a substrate to bind to the enzyme. Amino acids Remember: Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins.

Enzyme / Substrate Combination The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates The substrate binds to the enzyme in a specific location known as an active site. The active site acts as a lock and the substrate is similar to a key.

Remember: Enzymes fit like a lock and key Active Site Substrate Enzyme

Denatured = enzyme with active site that is changed.

1. What do enzymes do for the human body. 2. Why did the Jello dissolve in the fresh pineapple but not the canned?