Question 1 The Industrial Revolution began in what country? A)Germany B)England C)The United States D)France E)Russia

Question 2 Which of the following was NOT an invention of the industrial revolution? A)The Steam Engine B)The Cotton Gin C)The Spinning Jenny D)The Telescope E)The Railroads

Question 3 Unions were formed because of… A)Lack of laws protecting women and children B)Poor living and working conditions for workers C)Employees being constantly replaced by machines D)Long working hours and only one day off E)All of the above

Question 4 What scientific process (invented during the industrial revolution) discovered that one could remove bacteria from any liquid with heat? A)Boiling B)Pasteurization C)Desalinization D)Sanitation E)Alienation

Question 5 Which of the following is NOT a “factor of production” in an industrial society? A)Land B)Resources C)Labor D)Aristocracy E)Wealth

Evolution of the Labor Force What does the average worker look like?

Changing Work Force The nature of work in the factory system Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control

Changing Work Force Impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations. The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

Changing Work Force Social effects of the Industrial Revolution Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor Introduction of reforms to end child labor Expansion of education Women’s increased demands for suffrage

Changing Work Force The rise of labor unions Encouraged worker- organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

Capitalism and Communism What’s the difference between the two.

12 Traditional Capitalism Also known as: “Free Market” or “laissez-faire” Capitalism and has five components: 1.Private ownership of property 2.No legal limit on accumulation of property. 3.Free Market-no government intervention in the economy 4.Profit motive as driving force. 5.Profit as measure of efficiency

13 Adam Smith ( ) Intellectual Father of Capitalism who said: 1.Humans motivated by self interest. 2.Should be free to pursue profits. Result: “The Invisible Hand.” 1.Efficient economic system; all will benefit because goods will be produced and sold cheaply. “Wealth of Nations” - An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith

14 Capitalism Vs. Feudalism Capitalist entrepreneurs had to organize to fight against the system of their time, Feudalism. Feudalism was the economic system derived from Monarchical and Aristocratic society. Serfs or Peasants were allowed to work the land but a percentage of their labor went to the king, noble, or lord who owned the land.

Socialism defined Text: “An ideology arguing that citizens are best served by policies focused on meeting the basic needs of the entire society rather than on serving the needs of individuals as individuals.” Ancient roots – Judeo-Christian belief in the common good, which takes precedence over individual desires Term “socialism” coined in 1827 by British socialist Robert Owen to describe his view of a cooperative new society

Socialism’s emergence Liberal political parties in 19 th century Europe failed to address the desperate needs of working people. Classical liberalism views poverty as an individual choice or failure, not the result of social structures. Also suspicious of big government. Socialism provides a different conception of individual responsibility & of government.

Socialism’s principles egalitarianism or equality. Humankind will be unified and cooperative, once wealth is owned and used for the common good. Capitalism exploits the very people who create society’s wealth. Moralism. Division of rich & poor is evil; capitalism is fundamentally unjust. Instead, the ideal future emphasizes peace, social justice and true liberty for all.

Karl Marx German political thinker in 19 th century. Did most of his work in Britain. Influenced by German philosopher Hegel. Published Communist Manifesto in 1848 with co- author Frederick Engels. Wrote multi-volume Capital (Das Kapital), starting in 1867.

Karl Marx Studied British economic records for 20 years to develop theory that everything is based on the economic system: politics, law, social structures, family relations, even religious belief.

Define Bourgeois: modern capitalists who own the means of production and therefore get to keep all the profits. Today, this would include major stockholders in corporations.

Define Proletarians: modern wage laborers who sell their labor to live and don’t get any of the profits that they help to create. This includes everyone who is not a stockholder or owner of capital, even professionals who work for a salary.

Karl Marx’s key ideas Economic systems go through historic cycles. Over time, an economic system becomes rigid and cannot adjust to new technologies, so a new system emerges, with new class relations and oppression. Someday, a perfect classless society will emerge and there will be no further cycles.

Marx’s key ideas 1. Slave system gave way to feudal economy 2. Feudal economy broke down with growth of manufacturing, towns, navigation & transportation, emergence of middle class 3. Industrial capitalism emerged, with only two classes: proletariat and bourgeoisie.

Examples I need four volunteers to be Capitalists. I need four volunteers to be Communists. The Capitalists will need to have three workers, and one overseer. Same for the Communists. Each worker will be assigned a letter. That person will have one minute to think of as many words beginning with that letter as possible. The overseer may assist any of the three workers at any time.

From Communist Manifesto “The bourgeoisie … has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life…. The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together… railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization of rivers.” What does this mean? Re-write so you could explain it to a kindergarten student!

Communist Revolution Inevitable Capitalism creates huge factories. Workers become concentrated and begin to organize for legal reforms (higher wages/better working conditions). Their effort fails. Fierce competition between capitalists leads to new technologies, which leads to lower costs.

Communist Revolution Inevitable In the competition, some capitalists go bankrupt & have to become workers, and many workers lose their jobs as new technology replaces them. ( Consider reports that U.S. workers’ productivity is going up. Fewer workers are making more goods, which means technology is replacing them.)

Communist Revolution Inevitable Greater numbers of people permanently unemployed. Misery widespread. Fewer people can afford the products of capitalists, so fewer companies survive. Class struggle reaches a climax. Conditions now ripe for revolution. The proletariat, having nothing to lose but their chains, rise up.

Communist Revolution Revolution will eliminate private property. No longer will man have the means of exploiting another man. Bourgeoisie will fight, so revolution will be violent. A dictatorship of the proletariat will follow to weed out remaining capitalist elements.

The Worker’s Utopia In the end, a classless society with no more oppression or internal contradictions. People will be free to choose how they labor, and can be creatively productive. They will be able to live to their fullest potential. Consider the description in Marx’s Communist Manifesto in 1845:

The Worker’s Utopia “In communist society, …nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes,… to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner, … without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic.”