Based on the picture and your readings, what conclusions can you draw? What are the people doing? Why do Muslims kneel, bow, and touch their foreheads to the ground when they pray?

 Islam’s most sacred sanctuary  Located in Makkah, Saudi Arabia  Muslims believe Abraham and his son Ishmael built it.  It contains the Black Stone, the cornerstone of the Kaaba  50’ high, 33’ wide, 40’ long  The outer black cloth contains verses from the Quran  Pilgrims walk around the track 7 times, reciting the Quran

1. The Shahada 1 1  The testimony.  The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat 2 2  The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed  Wash before praying.  Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat 2 2  The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.  Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat 3 3  Almsgiving (charitable donations).  Muslims believe that all things belong to God.  Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”  About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm 4 4  Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  Considered a method of self- purification.  No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

5. The Hajj 5 5  The pilgrimage to Mecca.  Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.  2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

5. The Hajj 5 5  Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam The World of Islam Unifying source Compare to European Catholicism

 Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.  Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here  He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people  Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac

Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered. 1.What does this Quran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? 2.How do Muslims view Jesus? 3.What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians share? They accept them As equals to the prophets Monotheistic; share some of the Prophets

What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world? What 3 cities were important trade centers? Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of the Arab Empire? Trade & agriculture Baghdad, Cairo, & Damascus In the Countryside

The Arab Empire and Its Successors 500 C.E. 700 C.E.900 C.E C.E.1300 C.E. 570 C.E. Birth of Muhammad 680 C.E. Hussein leads revolt against Umayyad rule C.E. Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty 1.Which Muslim dynasty was in power in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were defeated in Gaul, halting Arab expansion in Europe? 2. About how many years did the Abbasid Dynasty last? 3. Muslims split into 2 main sects (Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by Hussein in what year? Umayyad 500 years 680 C.E.

Bedouin – Nomadic clansBedouin – Nomadic clans Problems No successor to MuhammadNo successor to Muhammad Caliph – Political and religious successor to MuhammadCaliph – Political and religious successor to Muhammad

Sunni Muhammad left no successorMuhammad left no successor Felt caliph should be chosen by Muslim leadersFelt caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders One is appointed from among peersOne is appointed from among peers Abu Bakr—Friend of MuhammadAbu Bakr—Friend of Muhammad Shiite Muhammad left a chosen successorMuhammad left a chosen successor Felt only true successors were blood descendents of MuhammadFelt only true successors were blood descendents of Muhammad Ali—Son-in-law, cousin of MuhammadAli—Son-in-law, cousin of Muhammad

Umayyad Rule Starts with Mu’awiyaStarts with Mu’awiya Capital moved to DamascusCapital moved to Damascus –Booty –Taxes –Governors –Religious freedom –Construction projects

Decline and Fall Some abandon simple lifestyleSome abandon simple lifestyle Many Muslims dissatisfiedMany Muslims dissatisfied Abbas – Leader of dissatisfied Muslims Allies with ShiitesAllies with Shiites Revolt against DamascusRevolt against Damascus Reconciliation BanquetReconciliation Banquet –Slaughtered Umayyads

Abbasid

Independent kingdoms formingIndependent kingdoms forming 1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority –captured and controlled Baghdad Crusades 1095Crusades 1095 –Christians capture portions of Holy Land –Saladin Mongols 1258Mongols 1258

Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page How far north did the Islam empires spread? 2. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion? Stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in France in 732; ended Arab European expansion Under the Abbasid Dynasty, the Arabs controlled some of the richest trade routes and provinces in the world

In the 7 th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine  where Jesus Christ had lived and preached  Muslims were tolerant  let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths  Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem  Persecuted Christian pilgrims  1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help  Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands  1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics The Crusades

The Crusades continued Between , there were 7 crusades  1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God 1 st Crusade: ( )  French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem  Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods  Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable  Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa 2 nd Crusade: ( )  2 nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back  Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

Crusades continued 3 rd Crusade: ( )  Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river  English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea  captured the coastal cities  unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem  Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast  King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here  Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

Saladin ( )  Muslim leader  Established the Ayyubid Dynasty  Very devout  Legendary chivalry  Defeated Europeans in the 2 nd and Crusades  Spared Jerusalem  Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city

 Italian port cities prospered economically  Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge  Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods  Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas  4th Crusade sacked Constantinople; weakened the Byzantine Empire  Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe  Broke down feudalism; Paved the way for the development of European nation-states  Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

Hulegu (hoo-LAY-goo)  1258, Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia  Ended Abbasid Caliphate  Hulegu sacked Baghdad  Destroyed libraries, mosques, palaces

 Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks) stopped the Mongols at the Red Sea  Mongolians inter-married with local peoples  Mongolians converted to Islam and spread the religion throughout Asia/southern Europe  Mongolian conquest ended Baghdad’s leadership  Cairo became the new center of Islamic civilization

Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s works Spread the Indian # system with 0; easier to us than Roman numerals Europeans mislabeled the system “Arabic” Developed Algebra

Knew the Earth was round Astrolabe = helped sailors calculate the angles of the sun and the stars. Armillary = Astronomers lined up the top rings of the sphere and calculated the time of day or year. This was useful for mapmaking and calendars. Ibn Sina - wrote medical encyclopedia - “The” University medical textbook Al Qasim’s drawings of medical tools was the foremost text on surgery in Europe for nearly 500 years

Ibn Khaldun (14 th C) - Muslim historian - Civilizations rise/decay in cycles Omar Khayyam (12 th C) - Rubaiyat - Arabian Nights

Mosque of Cordova, Spain Center of learning & culture Mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Calligraphy Arabesques

Arab dhow with lateen sails

Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the postclassical world Islamic scholar who recorded his travels throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states) Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain, Timbuktu, China, India, the Maldive Islands, East Africa, and the Mali Empire Worked in government positions everywhere he went as an adviser or judge Promoted the proper observance of Islam ?