Objective 5.3: Identify major internal structures, external structures, methods of locomotion, methods of reproduction, and stages of development of animals. Animals and Their Traits

Animals are classified into 2 major groups: vertebrates & invertebrates Vertebrates—animals w/a backbone Vertebrates—animals w/a backbone The five main classes of vertebrates are fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals. The five main classes of vertebrates are fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals. All vertebrates have an internal skeleton of bone & cartilage or just cartilage alone. All vertebrates have an internal skeleton of bone & cartilage or just cartilage alone. In addition to a bony spinal column, all have a bony cranium surrounding the brain. In addition to a bony spinal column, all have a bony cranium surrounding the brain. Vertebrates have a heart with two to four chambers, a liver, pancreas, kidneys, and a number of other internal organs. Vertebrates have a heart with two to four chambers, a liver, pancreas, kidneys, and a number of other internal organs. Most have two pairs of appendages that have formed as either fins, limbs, or wings. Most have two pairs of appendages that have formed as either fins, limbs, or wings.

Animals are classified into 2 major groups Invertebrates—animals that do not have backbone & are the ones w/which you can do science experiments Invertebrates—animals that do not have backbone & are the ones w/which you can do science experiments Examples include corals, sponges, sea urchins, starfish, sand dollars, worms, snails, clams, spiders, crabs, and insects. Examples include corals, sponges, sea urchins, starfish, sand dollars, worms, snails, clams, spiders, crabs, and insects. In fact, more than 98 % of the nearly two million described species of organisms are invertebrates. In fact, more than 98 % of the nearly two million described species of organisms are invertebrates. They range in size from less than one millimeter to several meters long. They range in size from less than one millimeter to several meters long. Invertebrates display a fascinating diversity of body forms, means of locomotion, and feeding habits. Invertebrates display a fascinating diversity of body forms, means of locomotion, and feeding habits.

Cold blooded = ectotherm Cold blooded = ectotherm An ectothermic animal is one who can’t regulate its body temperature, so its body temperature fluctuates according to its surroundings. An ectothermic animal is one who can’t regulate its body temperature, so its body temperature fluctuates according to its surroundings. They warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings. Most invertebrates live in water or spend at least some part of their life in water. They warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings. Most invertebrates live in water or spend at least some part of their life in water. Examples: Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians Examples: Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians Endotherm= warm blooded Endotherm= warm blooded Endothermic animals are those who must generate their own heat to maintain a constant internal body temperature. Endothermic animals are those who must generate their own heat to maintain a constant internal body temperature. Examples: Mammals and Birds Examples: Mammals and Birds Cold Blooded V. Warm Blooded

Infrared Images: you probably have done this at the Exploreum Endotherms (Warm-Blooded)Ectotherms (Cold-Blooded)

Types of symmetry (shape/body plan): Bilateral Symmetry (can be Bilateral Symmetry (can be divided into right and left halves; nearly mirror images) Radial Symmetry (body parts Radial Symmetry (body parts arranged in a circle around a center point) Asymmetry (not symmetrical), no definite shape as seen in this sea sponge Asymmetry (not symmetrical), no definite shape as seen in this sea sponge

Locomotion: different ways animals move Legs (Walk: birds, insects, people) Legs (Walk: birds, insects, people) Limbless (Crawl—snails, snakes, worms) Limbless (Crawl—snails, snakes, worms) Fins (Swim--fish) Fins (Swim--fish) Wings (Fly, birds & insects) Wings (Fly, birds & insects) Tube Feet (Sea Stars) Tube Feet (Sea Stars) Tentacles (Squid, Octopi) Tentacles (Squid, Octopi)

Respiration: the different ways organisms exchange gases w/their environment, but regardless of what is used, gas exchange occurs by diffusion Sponges and jellyfish lack specialized organs for gas exchange and take in gases directly from the surrounding water by diffusion. Flatworms (flukes, planaria, tapeworms) & annelids (earthworms among others) use their outer surfaces as gas exchange surfaces. Arthropods (insects, not all), crustaceans, mollusks, amphibians, and fish use gills. Terrestrial vertebrates utilize internal lungs, so do frogs when mature. May take a bullfrog 3 years to develop lungs.

Marine annelids exchange gases through their appendages

Respiration with the use of gills

2 Types of Reproduction in Animals: Asexual and sexual Asexual reproduction occurs w/out the joining of gametes (egg & sperm) Asexual reproduction occurs w/out the joining of gametes (egg & sperm) Budding and fragmentation Budding and fragmentation Sexual reproduction occurs w/the joining of gametes (egg & sperm) Sexual reproduction occurs w/the joining of gametes (egg & sperm)

Asexual Reproduction Can Occur 2 Ways Marine hydra budding Marine hydra budding BUDDING BUDDING A small part of the parent’s body develops into an independent organism. A small part of the parent’s body develops into an independent organism. Examples: hydra, certain species of jellyfish, echinoderms, coral, tapeworms Examples: hydra, certain species of jellyfish, echinoderms, coral, tapeworms

Asexual reproduction: Fragmentation An organism breaks into two or more parts, each of which may grow into a separate individual. Examples: hydra, certain species of jellyfish, echinoderms, coral, tapeworms

Incomplete Metamorphosis: process of physical change where the body just gets larger it doesn’t change form Examples of animals undergoing this process: Grasshopper, dragonflies, crickets, cockroaches, ants, stinkbugs

Complete metamorphosis: body form changes dramatically from one stage to the next during development Examples of animals that undergo this process: Beetles, butterflies, silkworms, mealworms, ladybugs, moths, flies, mosquitoes

Species Egg Larva/Nymph PupaAdult Housefly 1 day 2 weeks 1 week 2 wks Housefly 1 day 2 weeks 1 week 2 wks Housefly Ladybug 4 days 2 weeks 2 wks 3-9 mon Ladybug 4 days 2 weeks 2 wks 3-9 mon  Monarch Butterfly 4 days 2 weeks 10 days 2-6 wks Monarch Butterfly Monarch Butterfly Cicada 1 month 13/17 years no such stage 2 mon Cicada 1 month 13/17 years no such stage 2 mon Cicada Mayfly 1 month 3 years no such stage1 day Mayfly 1 month 3 years no such stage1 day Mayfly Cockroach 1 month 3 months no such stage9 mos Cockroach 1 month 3 months no such stage9 mos Cockroach Comparison of the lengths of metamorphosis for different organisms

MayflyLocust (Cicada)