6/23/2016SB2a1 DNA and RNA 6/23/2016SB2a2 SB2a Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. Students will analyze.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Griffith and Transformation
Advertisements

Discovering the Structure of DNA. What is DNA? DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Stores, transmits and copy all information Located in the cell’s nucleus.
Discovering DNA: Structure and Replication
Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Heat-killed, disease- causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Control (no growth)
Let’s Play Scientists DNAReplication Transcription.
12. 1 DNA: The Genetic Material. 1)Griffith injects mice with disease causing bacteria  the mice die 2)Griffith injects mice with harmless bacteria 
Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
DNA History and Structure History. Friedrich Miescher  Published in 1871  First to isolate and identify DNA and suggested its role in heredity.
Chapter 10.  Explain the research of the following scientists:  Griffith: worked with pneumonia bacteria and mice to track how infection occurs. Results:
Discovery and composition
DNA: The Blueprint of Life. DNA & Scientists Griffith and Transformation In 1928, British scientist Fredrick Griffith was trying to learn how certain.
DNA Chapter 10 – Ms. Colabelli. DNA  Holds our genetic information  Like a library  Important for mitosis to occur  Biologists had to discover the.
Discovering DNA: Structure and Replication
Transformation Principle In 1928 Fredrick Griffith heated the S bacteria and mixed with the harmless bacteria thinking that neither would make the mice.
Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
DNA Chapter 12. DNA  Holds our ______________ ______________  Like a ______________  Important for ______________ to occur  Biologists had to discover.
Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis Mrs. Morgan Biology.
The Discovery of DNA. The DNA Revolution In 1928, Griffith discovered that a factor in heat-killed, disease causing bacteria can “ transform” harmless.
DNA Review!. Structure Scientists VocabProtein SynthesisRNA vs. DNA $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 FINAL JEOPARDY FINAL JEOPARDY.
All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com
13.1: The Structure of DNA.
DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com.
Protein Synthesis & Mutations All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com.
Chapter 12 Notes.
DNA Study Guide  35 multiple choice  1 DNA problem (replication, transcription, & translation)
DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA Chapter 12. DNA  Holds our genetic information  Like a library  Important for mitosis to occur  Biologists had to discover the chemical nature.
November 16 GRADING PEN! Each ANSWER = 1 pt Grade Study guide homework Notes Ch and 12-2 (right side) HW – DNA/RNA coloring wksheet.
Chapter 12.1 DNA. Genetics Recap Mendel, through his experiments, concluded that a organism’s traits are a result of the inheritance of genes from that.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis.  Biologists call the program of the cell the ‘genetic code’  Genetic refers to anything related to heredity  The.
DNA, RNA, and Proteins Section 1 Section 1: The Structure of DNA Preview Bellringer Key Ideas DNA: The Genetic Material Searching for the Genetic Material.
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA → RNA → Proteins Biology II D. Mitchell.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA – The Genetic Material
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA transformation, bacteriophage, nucleotide, base pairing, chromatin, histone, replication, DNA polymerase, gene, messenger RNA, ribosomal.
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA. DNA and RNA I. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid A. History of DNA as Genetic Material “code of life” 1. Griffith and Transformation.
DNA The Code of Life.
DNA, RNA, Proteins Holt McDougal Biology
Part Scientists DNA # 1DNA # 2 RNA #1 RNA #2.
Understanding DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins.
Chapter 11 DNA and RNA. DNA and RNA I. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid A. History of DNA as Genetic Material “code of life” 1. Griffith and Transformation.
DNA, RNA & Genetics Notes
DNA and RNA – DNA image.
DNA History. Fredrick Griffith  Identified transformation of rough coat bacteria ( non lethal) to smooth coat (lethal)  Injected mice  Showed that.
Review What organelle is the “control center” of the cell? The nucleus What structures are found in the nucleus? Chromosomes What structures are located.
DNA The Discovery of DNA. Griffith and Transformation: Transformation: One strain of bacteria (harmless) had changed into disease-causing strain Meant.
DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid – is the information code to make an organism and controls the activities of the cell. –Mitosis copies this code so that all.
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA transformation, bacteriophage, nucleotide, base pairing, chromatin, histone, replication, DNA polymerase, gene, messenger RNA, ribosomal.
The History of DNA. 1.Griffith- experiment showed that live uncoated bacteria acquired the ability to make coats from dead coated bacteria. He called.
Chapter 12 Section 1: DNA. Objective Describe the experiments and research that lead to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material and the structure.
Chapter #12 – DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis. I. DNA – experiments & discoveries A. Griffith and Transformation Frederick Griffith – British scientist.
DNA and RNA. Rosalind Franklin Worked with x-ray crystallography Discovered: That DNA had a helical structure with two strands.
DNA. DNA Vocabulary 0 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid 0 Trait: Inherited characteristic that DNA codes for 0 Heredity: The passing of traits from one generation.
DNA and RNA Chapter 12. Griffith and Transformation.
DNA & Protein Synthesis Chapter 12 & 13 JEOPARDY REVIEW S2C06 Jeopardy Review
STRUCTURE OF DNA Biology:. DNA and Genes How do genes work? How do they determine the characteristics of organisms? To truly understand genetics, biologists.
Discovering DNA: Structure and Replication
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Discovering the Structure of DNA
DNA and RNA.
DNA: CH 13                .
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs.
Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs.
Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides and base pairs.
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Unwinding the mystery of DNA
Presentation transcript:

6/23/2016SB2a1 DNA and RNA

6/23/2016SB2a2 SB2a Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA

6/23/2016SB2a3 Essential Question Why is there a difference in structure and function between DNA and RNA? Why is there a difference in structure and function between DNA and RNA?

Griffith’s Experiment Mice injected with the disease causing bacteria died. Mice injected with the disease causing bacteria died. Mice injected with the harmless bacteria lived. Mice injected with the harmless bacteria lived. Mice injected with the heat-killed disease causing bacteria also lived. Mice injected with the heat-killed disease causing bacteria also lived. Griffith then mixed the live harmless bacteria with heat-killed disease causing bacteria. Griffith then mixed the live harmless bacteria with heat-killed disease causing bacteria. Mice injected with this combination died. Mice injected with this combination died.

Based on his results, Griffith hypothesized that when the harmless and heat-killed bacteria where mixed, some factor was exchanged between them, making the live harmless bacteria deadly. Based on his results, Griffith hypothesized that when the harmless and heat-killed bacteria where mixed, some factor was exchanged between them, making the live harmless bacteria deadly. Transformation – process in which Transformation – process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by the gene(s) of another bacteria

Avery modifies Griffith’s experiment. In 1943, conducted an experiment similar to Griffith’s, except they used enzymes to selectively destroy molecules one at a time. In 1943, conducted an experiment similar to Griffith’s, except they used enzymes to selectively destroy molecules one at a time. When they injected harmless bacteria with only lipids, carbs, or proteins: transformation did not occur. When they injected harmless bacteria with only lipids, carbs, or proteins: transformation did not occur. When they used the nucleic acids (DNA): transformation did occur, the bacteria became lethal. When they used the nucleic acids (DNA): transformation did occur, the bacteria became lethal. This helped to determine that DNA stores and transmits genetic information. This helped to determine that DNA stores and transmits genetic information.

Hershey and Chase (1950) conducted experiments with bacteriophages viruses that attack bacteria) to determine if genetic information is carried on proteins or DNA. (1950) conducted experiments with bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria) to determine if genetic information is carried on proteins or DNA. These findings further supported the conclusions of Avery’s experiment & specified that genetic material is DNA and NOT protein. These findings further supported the conclusions of Avery’s experiment & specified that genetic material is DNA and NOT protein.

6/23/2016SB2a8

Chargaff’s Rule Chargaff determined that in any sample of DNA: Chargaff determined that in any sample of DNA: –The –The # of adenines (A) = the # of thymines (T) –The # of cytosines (C) = the # of guanines (G) Thus in DNA, the bases A and T pair together, and C and G pair together. Thus in DNA, the bases A and T pair together, and C and G pair together. tradorFicheros/webquest/herencia/chargaff.jpg

6/23/2016SB2a10

Rosalind Franklin Franklin used Franklin used x-ray diffraction to create pictures of DNA’s molecular structure

Watson and Crick using their data and the work of previous scientists. Determined the structure of DNA in 1953 using their data and the work of previous scientists. Watson got a sneak peak at Franklin’s X-ray images and used them with other evidence to determine DNA’s structure. Watson got a sneak peak at Franklin’s X-ray images and used them with other evidence to determine DNA’s structure. ages/watson_crick.jpg

6/23/2016SB2a13 DNA

6/23/2016SB2a14 What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genetic Information all needed for the existence of living organisms Stores and transmits all information needed for the existence of living organisms in a multicellular organism Each cell in a multicellular organism has the same exact copy of DNA

6/23/2016SB2a15 Shape of DNA Double Helix –Like a twisted ladder Shape discovered by Shape discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 –This discovery changed genetics and our lives

The Structure of DNA 3 parts: Deoxyribose – 5 carbon sugar Phosphate Nitrogen base a/k/a nucleotides   Hydrogen bond between nitrogen bases   Covalent bond on backbones nucleotide P S A C A A T T C G G Base pair Sugar /P backbone G Sugar /P backbone Hydrogen bonds

How is DNA stored in our cells? Very tightly coiled into chromosomes Very tightly coiled into chromosomes

Just how much DNA/ genetic information is in our cells? If all the DNA in your body was put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back over 600 times. If all the DNA in your body was put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back over 600 times. (93 million miles - one way) (93 million miles - one way) If you unwrap all the DNA you have in all your cells, you could reach the moon 6000 times! If you unwrap all the DNA you have in all your cells, you could reach the moon 6000 times! Over 99% of our DNA sequence is the same as other humans’. Over 99% of our DNA sequence is the same as other humans’.

If all three billion letters in the human genome were stacked one millimeter apart, they would reach a height 7,000 times the height of the Empire State Building. If all three billion letters in the human genome were stacked one millimeter apart, they would reach a height 7,000 times the height of the Empire State Building.

6/23/2016SB2a20 Types of Nitrogen Bases PurinesPyrimidines - Adenine (A)- Thymine (T) - Guanine (G)- Cytosine (C)

6/23/2016SB2a21 Base Pairing (A-T, T-A) Adenine and Thymine always bond together (A-T, T-A) (G-C, C-G) Guanine and Cytosine always bond together (G-C, C-G) Practice PracticeA-T-C-T-T-C-G-C-T-A-A-A

More Practice –A A C G A T C –A T C G C G A –T G G C A G T –C G A T A C A –GTCGATC 6/23/2016SB2a22

6/23/2016SB2a23

6/23/2016SB2a24 RNA

6/23/2016SB2a25 What is RNA? Ribonucleic Acid Single strand Job – Read the DNA RNA carries out the work of DNA –DNA is the blueprint –RNA is the Contractor/Builders

6/23/2016SB2a26 Structure of RNA 3 parts 3 parts – –Ribose – 5 carbon sugar – –Phosphate –(nucleotides) –Nitrogen Bases (nucleotides) Same as in DNA except for Thymine Same as in DNA except for Thymine Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Uracil (U) – this bonds with Adenine

6/23/2016SB2a27 RNA Practice (DNA Strand) A-T-A-C-G-C-T-T-T-A-A-A (RNA Strand)

6/23/2016SB2a28 3 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA mRNA – messenger RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA tRNA – transfer RNA tRNA – transfer RNA

6/23/2016SB2a29 mRNA mRNA mRNA goes into the nucleus and gets the message from DNA –Does this through the process called –Does this through the process called Transcription Every Every 3 nucleotides = codon

6/23/2016SB2a30 rRNA Ribosomal RNA is Ribosomal RNA is found in the ribosomes so the rRNA reads (translates) the mRNA so the DNA command can be carried out all received rRNA also helps to assemble all parts received from tRNA

6/23/2016SB2a31 tRNA Transfer RNA Transfer RNA and the Gets the message from rRNA and obtains the necessary parts Transports them to the ribosome The 3 nucleotides on the bottom of the The 3 nucleotides on the bottom of the tRNA = anticodon –These –These match the codon

6/23/2016SB2a32

6/23/2016SB2a33