Sustainable Agricultural and Natural Resources Management Collaborative Research Support Program North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Will Vegetable Yield Increase when Planted beside Trees? (experiment conducted by several scientists) Presentation at Spring 2009 Seminar Series Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design NCA&T, Greensboro, NC January 29, 2009

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Acknowledgement Lorna, Zach, and Micah Still single

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Invitation for Seminar Dr. Delia Catucatan Harvard Post-doc World Agroforestry Centre Partner in this Research ‘Knowledge to Action’ 12-12:50 Monday, Feb. 2 Daniel Godfrey Multipurpose Room Coltrane Hall

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Funding

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Funding began: January years old

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Thanks..Thanks

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Thanks to Virginia Tech Dr. Theo Dillaha Dr. S.K. Dedatta Dr. Keith Moore

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Strong Partnership

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Strong Partnership

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Outline 1.Problem Statement 2.Objectives 3.Promising Results 4.Questions and Discussions

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Outline 1.Problem Statement 2.Objectives 3.Promising Results 4.Questions and Discussions

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Problem Statement Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation Lantapan, Philippines May 2007

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Outline 1.Problem Statement 2.Objectives Physical and Biological Sciences (first one) Social Sciences (five others)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS T echnology ‘complementarity’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS M arketing ‘value chain’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS P olicy ‘incentives’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS E nvironmental & conomic-social impact ‘it works’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS G ender ‘equity’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS S caling-up ‘contagiousness’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University T echnology : Develop economically viable and ecologically- sound vegetable- agroforestry systemsTMPEGS Lantapan, Philippines May 2007

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Outline 1.Problem Statement 2.Objectives 3.Promising Results 4.Questions and Discussions

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Outline 1.Problem Statement 2.Objectives 3.Promising Results 4.Questions and Discussions

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Soil Quality Workshop G.B Delia Catacutan

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Soil Quality Workshop CarlitoRaczkowski G.B. ‘it is hot here’ hahahaha!!!!

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam Binh Phouc ProvinceBinh Phouc Province Watershed drains in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)Watershed drains in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam Top Cashew Exporter 120,000 tonnes per year

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityVietnamCashew-Cashew-Cashew In Bin Phouc Province

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Cashew Fruit

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Harvesting Cashew

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Cracked manually Crack and get the seeds

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Separate the Whole from Cracked

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Cooked and then Canned

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Promising Result Vietnam

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS has proof that Cacao grows well under Cashew Dr. Ronald Cantrell Director General International Rice Research Institute (1999 to 2005) progress reviewer assigned to this project

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Proof that Cacao grows well under Cashew

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Cacao and beans

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Cacao beans are dried

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Processed and made into Yummy Chocolate Bar

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Promising Result Vietnam Cacao Seedlings are Being Killed by Termites

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Biocontrol of Termite in Cacao Trees Termite damage on cacao tree Vetiver grass

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University TMPEGS has Proof that Vetiver Grass can control termites in young cacao seedlings

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Promising Result Vietnam

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University V egetable- T ree VT Complementarity

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University V egetable- T ree VT V irginia T ech Research is dedicated in memory of VT 4/16 “We will continue to invent the future through our blood and tears and through all our sadness.... We will prevail....” Nikki Giovanni, University Distinguished Professor, poet, activist Julia Pryde SANREM graduate student

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Hypothesis 1: Vegetables can be more productive under a tree based system

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Hypothesis 2: Trees can be more productive under a vegetable based system

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Like Marriage Enhance V egetable- T ree VT Complementarity

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University World Vegetable Centre

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Agustin Mercado ‘developed the hypothesis’ The World Agroforestry Centre Manuel Palada The World Vegetable Centre

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetable-Tree VT ComplementarityVietnam

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Can some vegetables be more productive under Cashew-trees? Yes

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetable Yield Under Cashew

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam - Cashew Three Treatments

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam - Cashew Low light ‘in between cashew trees’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam - Cashew Medium light ‘in between cashew rows’

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables Full light or no shade

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables Mustard and French bean have highest yield under medium light condition

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables Average yield of cashew trees located between two vegetable rows was recorded to be 17% more than average yield without vegetables planted

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Studies from June to Sept I haven’t gotten results yet: Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications (farmer locations) Full Light

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Studies from June to Sept I haven’t gotten results yet: Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications (farmer locations) Medium Light

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Studies from June to Sept I haven’t gotten results yet: Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications (farmer locations) Low light

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indonesia

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indonesia NanggungNanggung Watershed drains in JakartaWatershed drains in Jakarta

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetable-Tree VT ComplementarityIndonesia

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Can vegetables be more productive under tree- based systems? Yes for unique vegetable tree combinations

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Inside the forest Tree system here is mixed

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Tree system here is mixed

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Tree system here is mixed

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Nested Design Experimental unit is one shade condition with vegetables replicated within the experimental shade conditionsExperimental unit is one shade condition with vegetables replicated within the experimental shade conditions We can compare performance of vegetables within a shaded conditionWe can compare performance of vegetables within a shaded condition

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indonesia – mixed tree species

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indonesia – mixed tree species

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indonesia – mixed tree species

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetables Medium light (%) Amaranth280 Kangkong190 Eggplant171 Chili109 Tomato105 When compared with high light or no shade conditions

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Taiwan World Vegetable Centre

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University First Vegetable Tree study in World Vegetable Centre headquarters in Taiwan

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetable-Tree VT ComplementarityTaiwan

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Can vegetables be more productive under tree- based systems? Yes for unique vegetable tree combinations

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Taiwan AVRDC-WVC Vegetable Agroforestry Research Field ( Established in 2005)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Tropical Fruit Trees Species Common name Anona reticulata Bullock’s Heart Rollinia mucosa Biriba Baccaurea ramiflora Mafai Tamarindus indica* Tamarind Artocarpus heterophyllus* Jackfruit Eugenia brasiliensis Brasil cherry Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry Psidium littorale Raddi Strawberry guava Syzygium samarangense* Nam Pheung Honey Chrysophyllum caimito* Star Apple Pouteria campechiana* Canistel Pouteria caimito Radlk* Abiu

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Chrysophyllum caimito – Star Apple

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Artocarpus heterophyllus – Jack Fruit

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Tamarindus indica - Tamarind

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Taiwan AVRDC-WVC Vegetable Agroforestry Research Field ( Established in 2005)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityTaiwan

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityTaiwan No differences in vegetable yield found when trees were young

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityTaiwan Vegetable yield in about 2 year old fruit trees: Yield increases except Chinese cabbage

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Philippines

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Philippines Lantapan, Bukidnon, Island of MindanaoLantapan, Bukidnon, Island of Mindanao Watershed drains in a hydroelectric power plantWatershed drains in a hydroelectric power plant

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Philippines

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetable-Tree VT ComplementarityPhilippines

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Can vegetables be more productive under tree- based systems? Yes for unique vegetable tree combinations

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Quantification of optimum tree spacing for vegetable production Competition: LightLight NutrientNutrient WaterWater

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Interesting observation and he developed a hypothesis: Dr. Jun Mercado

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Interesting observation and he developed a hypothesis: Dr. Jun Mercado Measured and Observed in Bukidnon, Philippines vegetable growth

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Interesting observation and he developed a hypothesis ‘In terms of their distance from the trees, many vegetables have competition, complementary and neutral zones”

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University D Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary planting system Yield same as Without trees Yield is greater than without trees Yield is less than Without trees Supplementarity

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 25 Indigenous Vegetables 5 commercial vegetables Light, Nutrient and Moisture Interaction Replicated three times EXPERIMENT

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University What do you observe about the cassava? shade loving vegetable complementary vegetable shade loving vegetable

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Maximizing vegetable yield with a tree bonus

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityPhilippines

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityPhilippines

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityPhilippines

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous Vegetables

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous Vegetables

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Conventional Vegetables

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Medicinal Vegetable Trees

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Medicinal Vegetable Trees

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University competition supplementarity neutral

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University competition supplementarity neutral

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University competition supplementarity neutral

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University competition supplementarity neutral Variations in competition and supplementarity zones

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Vegetable yields with trees were also found with Medicinal trees and indigenous vegetables

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Conclusion

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Can vegetables be more productive under tree- based systems? Yes for unique vegetable tree combinations

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Questions

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous vegetables (honje)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous vegetables Shade loving honje

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous vegetables Shade loving honje

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous vegetables Shade loving honje

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Indigenous vegetables MedicinalNutritional

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Do indigenous vegetables improve vegetable tree complementarity? Yes many indigenous vegetables improve VT complementarity

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Goal Enhance V egetable- T ree VT Complementarity

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Drip irrigation – moisture competition

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Drip irrigation

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Drip irrigation

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Drip irrigation

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Goal Goal (social) Enhance V egetable- T ree VT Complementarity

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Does drip irrigation improve vegetable tree complementarity? Yes based on preliminary results