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Word Bank Eardrum Eardrum Ossicles Ossicles Hammer Hammer Cochlea Cochlea Outer ear Outer ear Anvil Anvil Neural Impulse Neural Impulse Sound Waves Sound Waves Basiliar Membrane Basiliar Membrane Stirup Stirup Oval Window Oval Window Hair Cells Hair Cells transduction transduction

Chapter 6: Perception

Perception Selective Attention: the focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Selective Attention: the focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Selective Attention The most famous example to illustrate selective attention is known as the “cocktail party effect.” The most famous example to illustrate selective attention is known as the “cocktail party effect.” concentration-deaf_n_ html?utm_hp_ref=science&icid=maing- grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl5%7Csec1_lnk3%26pLid%3D concentration-deaf_n_ html?utm_hp_ref=science&icid=maing- grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl5%7Csec1_lnk3%26pLid%3D171994

Testing Selective Attention

Perception Visual Capture: refers to the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses. Visual Capture: refers to the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

Perceptual Organization Gestalt: an organized whole. Gestalt: an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasize humans’ tendencies to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Gestalt psychologists emphasize humans’ tendencies to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Things are not seen as sum of parts but immediately as wholes. Things are not seen as sum of parts but immediately as wholes.

Gestalt

Perceptual Organization Figure-Ground Relationship: tendency to organize information into objects (figure) that stand out from their background(ground) Figure-Ground Relationship: tendency to organize information into objects (figure) that stand out from their background(ground)

Figure Ground Relationship

Gestalt Psychology Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups Grouping Principles: Grouping Principles: Proximity Proximity Similarity Similarity Continuity Continuity Closure Closure Connectedness Connectedness

Proximity: tendency to group nearby figures together

Similarity: tendency to group figures that are similar

Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous patterns

Closure: tendency to fill in the gaps in visual information.

Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as unit when connected

Illusionary Contours: We constantly filter information so it makes sense to us.

Depth Perception Depth Perception: the ability to see objects in three dimensions. Allows us to gauge distance. Depth Perception: the ability to see objects in three dimensions. Allows us to gauge distance. Visual Cliff: illustrated that crawling infants and newborns perceive depth. Visual Cliff: illustrated that crawling infants and newborns perceive depth.

Types of Depth Perception Binocular Cues: depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes. Binocular Cues: depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes. Examples of Binocular Cues: Examples of Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity: idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.) Retinal Disparity: idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.) Convergence: extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object that brain keeps track of to measure distance. Convergence: extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object that brain keeps track of to measure distance.

Types of Depth Perception Monocular Cues: distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in art. Monocular Cues: distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in art. Examples of Monocular Cues Examples of Monocular Cues Relative size: smaller image is more distant Relative size: smaller image is more distant Interposition: closer object blocks distant object Interposition: closer object blocks distant object Relative Clarity: hazy object seen as more distant Relative Clarity: hazy object seen as more distant Texture: coarse=close; fine=distant Texture: coarse=close; fine=distant

Types of Depth Perception Examples of Monocular Cues Continued: Examples of Monocular Cues Continued: Relative Height: higher objects seen as more distant Relative Height: higher objects seen as more distant Relative Motion: closer objects seem to move faster Relative Motion: closer objects seem to move faster Linear Perspective: parallel lines converge with distance Linear Perspective: parallel lines converge with distance Relative Brightness: closer objects appear brighter Relative Brightness: closer objects appear brighter Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes.

Monocular Cue?

What Cues Do You See?

How many Legs?

Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image color color shape shape size size

Interplay Between Perceived Size and Distance Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information. Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information.

Diameter of Circles Are the Same

Muller-Lyer Illusion

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Cultural Influences on Depth Perception

Impossible Image

Impossible Staircase

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Sensory Deprivation and Perception Blind Person Example Blind Person Example Some aspects of perception might be innate Some aspects of perception might be innate Others involve experiences Others involve experiences Critical period for development of sensation and perception Critical period for development of sensation and perception

Sensory Deprivation and Perception Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual Adaptation (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field prism glasses prism glasses

Perceptual Interpretation Perceptual Set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. Perceptual Set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the middle is influenced by if you looked at bottom or the top What you see in the middle is influenced by if you looked at bottom or the top

Lochness Monster or a Tree Trunk?

Perceptual Set Affects Other Senses Perceptual Set also affects other senses like audition. Perceptual Set also affects other senses like audition. Ex: eel is on the wagon vs. eel is on the orange. Ex: eel is on the wagon vs. eel is on the orange. CONTEXT MATTERS! CONTEXT MATTERS! Rat Man Rat Man Lyrics Lyrics

Aciordcng to a reaesrch at Cdmbriage Uiiversnty, it dosen't mettar in waht oedrr the ltteers in a wrod are. The olny ipmortant tihng is taht the fsrit and lsat letter be in the rhgit plcae. Aciordcng to a reaesrch at Cdmbriage Uiiversnty, it dosen't mettar in waht oedrr the ltteers in a wrod are. The olny ipmortant tihng is taht the fsrit and lsat letter be in the rhgit plcae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can stlil raed it wiohtut prbolem. Tihs is becuase the huamn mnid deos not raed eevry ltteer by itslef, but the wrod as a wohle.

Perception and the Human Factor Human Factors Psychologists- explore how people and machines interact and how machines and environments can be adapted to human behaviors Human Factors Psychologists- explore how people and machines interact and how machines and environments can be adapted to human behaviors

Is there Extrasensory Perception? Extrasensory Perception: claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Extrasensory Perception: claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead Astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead Telepathy- mind to mind Telepathy- mind to mind Clairvoyance- perceiving remote events Clairvoyance- perceiving remote events Precognition- perceiving future events Precognition- perceiving future events Psychokinesis- mind over matter Psychokinesis- mind over matter Example- light as a feather stiff as a board Example- light as a feather stiff as a board

Is there Extrasensory Perception? Parapsychology: study of paranormal phenomenon, including ESP and psycho kinesis. Parapsychology: study of paranormal phenomenon, including ESP and psycho kinesis. Research Research Psychics not accurate Psychics not accurate More predictions- police work More predictions- police work Vague predictions Vague predictions Lottery Lottery No experiment has EVER produced a convincible demonstration of ESP No experiment has EVER produced a convincible demonstration of ESP

Phi Phenomenon Blinking lights give the illusion of motion Blinking lights give the illusion of motion