Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Detecting and Perceiving the World Sensation –the process of detecting and encoding stimulus energy in the world Perception –the brain’s process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Detecting and Perceiving the World Psychophysics Difference threshold –Weber’s Law Absolute threshold Signal detection theory Subliminal perception

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Detecting and Perceiving the World

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Sensory Reactions Sensory adaptation –habituation Sensation seeking Sensory deprivation

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Sensation

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Sensation The Visual System –sclera –iris –pupil –cornea –lens of the eye accommodation

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Sensation The Visual System –retina –rods –cones –fovea –blind spot

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Color Vision Hue Saturation Brightness Additive mixture Subtractive mixture

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Theories of Color Vision Trichromatic theory –Color blindness –Dichromats –Trichromats –Afterimages

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Theories of Color Vision

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Theories of Color Vision Opponent-Process Theory –the theory that cells in the visual system respond to red-green and blue-yellow colors –a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, while another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 The Auditory System The Nature of Sounds –frequency –pitch –amplitude –loudness –complex sounds –timbre

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 Structures and Functions of the Ear Outer ear –pinna –external auditory canal Middle ear –eardrum –hammer –anvil –stirrup

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 Structures and Functions of the Ear Inner ear –cochlea –basilar membrane –organ of Corti

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 Structures and Functions of the Ear Place theory Frequency theory Volley theory Neural-auditory processing –auditory nerve

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 The Haptic System Touch Temperature Pain –pain threshold –gate-control theory –acupuncture

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 The Haptic System Kinesthetic senses –movement, posture, and orientation Vestibular senses –balance and movement Semicircular canals –contain sensory receptors that detect body motion

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 The Chemical System Taste –papillae Smell –olfactory epithelium

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Perception Principles of perception –perceptual set –contour –figure-ground relationship

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 Perception Principles of perception –Gestalt psychology –depth perception –binocular cues –monocular cues –retinal or binocular disparity –convergence

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 Perception Motion perception –apparent movement –stroboscopic motion –movement aftereffects

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 Perception Perceptual constancy –size constancy –shape constancy –brightness constancy Perceptual illusions –visual illusion

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 Perception

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25 Perception Is perception innate or learned? –The visual cliff –recovery from blindness –culture and perception the carpentered-world hypothesis

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 Extrasensory Perception Extrasensory perception telepathy precognition clairvoyance psychokinesis