2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Chapter 1 The First Civilizations Pages

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Historians- people who study and write about history Archaeologists- hunt for evidence in the ground Artifacts- weapons, tools, and other things made by humans Fossils- traces of plants and animals Anthropologist- study human society Section 1 Early Humans

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Paleolithic Age Nomads- or people who move from place to place Hunted, fished, and gathered their food Learned to tame fire Developed a spoken language First to use technology- any tool or method to help humans perform tasks

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Learned to domesticate- tame plants & animals for human use Advancements were made in technology Learned to grow food (farm)- could stay in one place People began to trade People began to practice specialization- developments of different type jobs

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 1 Continued: * Historians call the changes during the Neolithic Age the farming revolution. Explain Why? Because there were changes taking place that greatly affect many areas of life

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization PAGES * Explain - What is civilization? Complex society that has cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system * Early civilizations arose in river valleys- Why? Good farming conditions and rivers made it easy to get from place to place

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 2 continued: * Earliest known civilization was, which is Greek for Mesopotamia “the land between the rivers.” * Mesopotamia was located between what two rivers? Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 2 continued: * Give 3 examples of irrigation that farmers learned to build. Dams, channels, walls, waterways, and ditches What is a city-state and why did they fight each other? A city- state is an independent state with its own government More territory and to gain glory (power)

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 2 Continued: Who are artisans? Skilled workers who made metal products, cloth, or pottery What is the oldest known story? Epic Of Gilgamesh

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, What did the Sumerians build to please their chief god? * A grand temple called a ziggurat

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, The Sumerian writing system that consists of hundreds of wedge- shaped marks. Cuneiform

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 2 Continued: Who is Sargon and why is he important? Sargon is the king of the Akkadians who set up the first empire when he conquered all of Mesopotamia What is an empire? A group of many different lands under one ruler Who is Hammurabi and what is he known for? Babylonian king, known for his law code or collection of laws

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Why do you think Mesopotamia is sometimes called the “cradle of civilization” * Because their ideas and inventions were copied and improved upon by later people which left a lasting mark on world history

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 3 Early Empires You are going to create a double bubble map that compares and contrasts the two early empires of the Assyrians and the Chaldeans.

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Section 3 Continued On back of Venn Diagram: Define: Provinces Caravans Nebuchadnezzar Answer the following questions: * Why did the Chaldean empire fall? * Why was the Assyrian army a powerful fighting force?

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, ANSWERS * Provinces- political districts * Caravans- group of traveling merchants * Nebuchadnezzar – king of the Chaldeans who had the Hanging Gardens built Why did the Chaldean Empire fall? Persians captured Babylon * Why was the Assyrian army such a powerful fighting force? It had a well-organized army and advanced weapons

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Built a strong army- learned how to make iron stronger from the Hittites Built a road system that collected the empire Established a powerful, well- organized government by creating provinces- political districts Produced & collected literature (built the first library Built many temples & palaces Powerful empires in Mesopotamia Built large temples and palaces Built richest & largest city Became rich from trade because they were located on a major trade route Built the Hanging Gardens (1 of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World) Made one of the first sundails and were the first to have a 7 day week

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Assyrians Chaldeans Built a strong fierce army Established a powerful, well- organized government Built a road system Built richest & largest city Became rich from trade Built the Hanging Gardens (1 of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World) Powerful empires in Mesopotamia Built large temples and palaces Made contributions in science