Catalyst 1.What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle (including mitosis)? 2.What does crossing-over result in? 3.What is the process of making an RNA message from DNA called? 4.What are the 3 types of RNA, and what do they do?

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides itself one time to produce 2 identical daughter cells. occurs in 4 phases (before mitosis) Interphase G1 phase G2 phase S phase (before mitosis) Interphase G1 phase G2 phase S phase Prophase DNA condenses into chromosomes nuclear envelope breaks down Prophase DNA condenses into chromosomes nuclear envelope breaks down Metaphase chromosomes line up across the center of the cell spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Metaphase chromosomes line up across the center of the cell spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Anaphase sister chromatids split and move apart to opposite ends of the cell Anaphase sister chromatids split and move apart to opposite ends of the cell Telophase chromosomes begin to loosen nuclear envelope reforms Telophase chromosomes begin to loosen nuclear envelope reforms

Catalyst 1.What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle (including mitosis)? 2.What does crossing-over result in? 3.What is the process of making an RNA message from DNA called? 4.What are the 3 types of RNA, and what do they do?

There are many ways in which meiosis results in genetic variation, or different combinations of DNA. 1. Crossing-over During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad. Chromatids then cross over each other, and the crossed sections are exchanged. This results in new combinations of genes (DNA).

Catalyst 1.What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle (including mitosis)? 2.What does crossing-over result in? 3.What is the process of making an RNA message from DNA called? 4.What are the 3 types of RNA, and what do they do?

DNA’s instructions must be copied into a smaller form: messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is called transcription. RNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds in DNA and uses it as a template to create a single strand of mRNA.

Base-pairing During Transcription Because RNA has the base uracil (U) instead of the thymine (T) in DNA, it has slightly different base-pairing rules.

Catalyst 1.What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle (including mitosis)? 2.What does crossing-over result in? 3.What is the process of making an RNA message from DNA called? 4.What are the 3 types of RNA, and what do they do?

RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a long chain of nucleotides. ribose sugar nucleotides contain ribose sugar (instead of deoxyribose) nitrogen bases: AUCG single-stranded molecule

Always remember… RNA loves U

Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message of DNA from the nucleus to the ribosome Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up the ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries an amino acid to the ribosome and binds to mRNA

Agenda Notes – Protein Synthesis (Translation) Independent Practice Kahoot Exit Ticket

Translation I can explain Translation.

DNA provides the instructions for making proteins. The Central Dogma of Biology tells us how proteins are made from DNA instructions. The order or sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule determines the order in which amino acids are joined together.

The Genetic Code The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code. each 3-letter “word” is called a codon and it makes a particular amino acid C T C G T C A G A G G A A A A Leu Val Arg Gly Lys

Translation decodes mRNA to produce polypeptide chains (proteins) at the ribosome.

Step 1: mRNA attaches to the ribosome. Step 2: Each tRNA carries an amino acid to the complementary sequence on the mRNA. Step 3: The ribosome forms bonds between the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Step 4: The tRNA floats away.

Codon charts show amino acids produced from codons DNA  mRNA  amino acid

mRNA codonAmino acid UCC AGA UGU UGA ser arg cys stop

DNA: T T A C G T A T C mRNA: Codons: Amino acids: A A U G C A U A G aspalastop

DNA: mRNA: tRNA: amino acids: A U G A C U A G C U G G G G G U A U U A C U U U U A G T A C T G A T C G A C C C C C A T A A T G A A A A T C U A C U G A U C G A C C C C C A U A A U G A A A A U C

Agenda Notes – Protein Synthesis (Translation) Independent Practice Kahoot Exit Ticket

Independent Practice 15 minutes

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