Cytology Branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of cells!

Cells - History 1590 Zach Janssen – Invented crude microscope 1650 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek - credited with first microscope 1665 *Robert Hooke – viewed “cells” of a cork, credited with discovering building blocks of life

Cells - History 1838 Matthias Schleiden- discovered all plants were made of cells 1839 Theodore Schwann – discovered all animals were made of cells 1855 Rudolph Virchow – stated all living things come from other living things (cells come from other cells) Years of work and research to discover! Needed technology to make progress!

Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms. All cells come from other cells

Cells Two types of cells: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic No nucleus/nuclear Nucleus/nuclear membrane membrane Ex. Monera-Bacteria Ex. Protist, Fungi Plant, Animal

Plant Cell Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Cytoplasm Chromosomes Microtubules

Animal Cell Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromosomes Nucleoplasm Microtubules Chromosomes

Common Animal & Plant Cell Features Organelles: Specialized parts of the cell Cell membrane (Security doors): Outer boundary that allows only certain material to pass in and out In - food, oxygen Out - Waste Cytoplasm: Gel-like material inside membrane, contains a lot of water, surrounds the structures called organelles, constantly moving Microtubules: Support internal cell structure (cytoskeleton)

Common Animal & Plant Cell Features Endoplasmic Reticulum (conveyor belt): Winding channels that moves material around cell, extends from nucleus to cell membrane. Ribosomes land here Ribosomes: Make proteins, land on ER (get orders from nucleus)

Golgi Bodies (packager): Stacks of flat sacs, that process, package and secrete materials Mitochondria (power plant): Supplies energy to cell by undergoing respiration (use oxygen & sugar to make “E”). CO2 & water are waste.

Vacuoles (warehouse): Sac-like storage space for food, water, waste Vacuoles (warehouse): Sac-like storage space for food, water, waste. Can take up 90% volume of cell. Vacuole

Common Animal & Plant Cell Features Nucleus Features Nucleus (control center): Control center for cells activities, large organelle in cytoplasm, contains the genetic material (DNA, proteins) Nuclear membrane: surrounds nucleus, controls material flow in and out of nucleus Nucleolus: makes the ribosome parts Chromosomes: contains DNA, passes on genetic info Nuclear membrane Chromosomes Nucleoplasm

Animal Cell Feature Lysosomes (lunchroom & garbage cans): Organelle that contains chemicals (enzymes) that digest food, disease-causing bacteria, and worn out cell parts.

Plant Cell Feature Cell Wall (walls): Outer, rigid structure that supports and protects plant cell. Chloroplasts(solar panel): Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy and convert to chemical energy (sugar) through process called photosynthesis (Plant take Light+ CO2 +H2O to form Sugars + O2) Cell Wall Chloroplasts

Cells Organelles (cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.) are all made up of molecules. Molecules are made up of atoms!

Cells Cells are made up of 2 types of compounds: Organic Compounds contain carbon (make up the food and cell membranes) Inorganic compounds contain no carbon. Water (H2O is the most important!

Living Organisms Made of 4 Organic Compounds Carbohydrates - supply energy Ex. Sugars, starches, cellulose Lipids - store and release more “Energy” Ex. Fats, oils, wax Proteins – build cell parts Ex. Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions Nucleic Acids – store information Ex. DNA –carry info for cells activities Ex. RNA – carry info for making proteins & enzymes