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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Our Genetic Inheritance Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance Behavioral Genetics: studies the relative effects of nature (heredity, genes, and chromosomes) and nurture (environment) on behavior and mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance: Biological Influence Neuroscience: interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA The nucleus of every cell contains genes, which carry the code for hereditary transmission. These genes are arranged along chromosomes (strands of paired DNA).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA Tongue-curling is one of the few traits that depends on a specific dominant gene.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance: Twin Research

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance  Evolutionary Psychology: studies how natural selection and adaptation help explain behavior and mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Genetic Inheritance: Gene-Environment Interaction Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to influence many traits. For example, early malnourishment may affect height and cognitive abilities

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Understanding neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and stem cells helps make us better informed consumers of scientific research and more knowledgeable participants in political debates. Can you explain why?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior Our nervous system consists of neurons (nerve cells that receive and conduct electrical impulses from the brain).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: The Structure of a Neuron

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication Step 1: Resting polarized membrane has more positively charged ions outside of axon, yielding net negative charge inside.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Step 2: Depolarization occurs when voltage-controlled channels open following sufficient stimulation from surrounding neurons, allowing sodium ions in.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Step 3: Resting potential is restored as sodium ions flow to neighboring area and potassium ions flow out.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Summary: Sequential process of depolarization, followed by repolarization, continuously moves the action potential down the axon.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Between neurons, communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons. These multiple messages then determine if an action potential occurs or not. Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Neural Communication (Continued) Note how the axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life Key neurotransmitters: Serotonin Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (adrenaline) GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Endorphins

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: Receptor Sites Normal message Blocked message (wrong shape) Agonistic drugs mimic shape and enhance neurotransmitter Antagonistic drugs fill the site and block neurotransmitter

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Neural Bases of Behavior: How Hormones Affect Us Endocrine System: collection of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1._____ receive information from other neurons. The _____ carries the neuron’s messages to other body cells. 2.How does neural communication within neurons differ from communication between neurons?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all nerves and neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body (subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization (Cont.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord (transmits information into and out of the brain)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) (Continued) Neuroplasticity: brain’s lifelong ability to reorganize and change its structure and function Neurogenesis: division and differentiation of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons Stem Cells: precursor (immature) cells that give birth to new specialized cells

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) (Continued) The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS connects CNS to the rest of the body and is subdivided into:  Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles  Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions and is further subdivided into:  Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses)  Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Nervous System Organization  Anatomy and functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.You touch a hot stove and your hand immediately and reflexively pulls away. This action was controlled by _____. 2.You are startled by the sight and sound of a fierce dog rushing toward you. It is most likely that your _____ is dominant.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through the Brain

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Hindbrain Three key structures of the hindbrain:  Medulla: essential automatic bodily functions  Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, and dreaming  Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and some aspects of perception, cognition, and language

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Midbrain: collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal Reticular Formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem; screens incoming information and controls arousal

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Limbic System: interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drive reduction, and memory

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What are the three key structures of the hindbrain? 2.The _____ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex: thin surface layer on the left and right cerebral hemispheres; regulates most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobes: receive and coordinate messages from other lobes; responsible for motor control, speech production, and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Phineas Gage’s mining accident sent a 13-pound tamping iron through his frontal lobes. How did this affect his short- and long- term behavior and mental processes?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) Parietal Lobes: located at the top of the brain directly behind the frontal lobes; responsible for interpreting bodily sensations Temporal Lobes: located on each side of the brain above the ears; responsible for hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) Occipital Lobes: located at the back of the brain; responsible for vision and visual perception

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Why are the hands and face on this drawing so large? What do they represent?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research Severing the corpus callosum provides information on the role and functions of the left and right hemispheres.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology A Tour Through The Brain: Lateralization The left and right hemispheres of your brain each specialize in particular operations.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. What are the major functions of the four lobes of the brain? 2. The _____ hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, and it controls the right side of the body.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College