The Geographer’s Tools (Chapter 1, Lesson 1, pp.11-25) (Chapter 1, Lesson 1, pp.11-25)

TOOLS for ANALYZING DATA for ANALYZING DATA

What do Maps and Globes show?  Landforms  Bodies of Water  Countries Can you think of more?? 1. MAPS and and GLOBES GLOBES

1. Three- Dimensional (3D) 1. Three- Dimensional (3D) A. GLOBES representation of the earth. A. GLOBES representation of the earth. 2. ADVANTAGE 2. ADVANTAGE a. Little distortion -- most a. Little distortion -- most accurate way to show entire accurate way to show entire earth’s surface earth’s surface b. Exact scale model b. Exact scale model c. Shows actual location, size & c. Shows actual location, size & shapes in comparison to each shapes in comparison to each other other 3. DISADVANTAGE 3. DISADVANTAGE a. Only ½ of the earth can be a. Only ½ of the earth can be seen at a time seen at a time b. Lacks detailed information b. Lacks detailed information

B. MAPS 1.Along With Globes: The Geographer’s Most Important Tool! 2. Types of Maps a. General Reference Maps a. General Reference Maps EX: Topographic Maps EX: Topographic Maps b. Thematic Maps b. Thematic Maps c. Navigational Maps c. Navigational Maps 3.Disadvantage a. Distortion a. Distortion 4. Required Map Elements 4. Required Map Elements a. Title a. Title b. Legend (Key) b. Legend (Key) c. Compass (Directional c. Compass (Directional Indicator) Indicator) d. Scale d. Scale

Title Compass Legend/Key Scale

B.MAPS. cont. 5.CARTOGRAPHER (Mapmaker): (Mapmaker): a. creates maps with a. creates maps with different projections. different projections. 6. MAP PROJECTIONS 6. MAP PROJECTIONS a. A way of drawing the a. A way of drawing the Earth that reduces Earth that reduces distortion when earth’s distortion when earth’s surface is drawn on a surface is drawn on a flat surface. flat surface. b. determines how much b. determines how much detail to show & size of detail to show & size of map. map. I Planar Cylindrical Conic

7. MAPS SCALE 7. MAPS SCALE a. SMALL SCALE - a. SMALL SCALE - Shows a LARGE AREA Shows a LARGE AREA with very little detail with very little detail

Shows b. LARGE SCALE – Shows a SMALL AREA with a SMALL AREA with a lot of detail a lot of detail

2.THE SCIENCE OF MAPMAKING Takes into consideration the types of information needed for specific maps, size and detail.

A. MAJOR TYPES OF GENERAL REFERENCE MAPS A. MAJOR TYPES OF GENERAL REFERENCE MAPS 1. PHYSICAL MAPS 1. PHYSICAL MAPS 2. POLITICAL MAPS 2. POLITICAL MAPSalso 3. THEMATIC MAPS (subject specific 3. THEMATIC MAPS (subject specific Information) Information)

General Reference Ma ps Navigation Map Thematic Map

1. PHYSICAL MAPS show a. landforms (mountains, plains plateaus and a. landforms (mountains, plains plateaus and valleys). valleys). b. water features (rivers, streams, lakes, seas b. water features (rivers, streams, lakes, seas and oceans) and oceans) c. topography (shape) & elevation (relief) c. topography (shape) & elevation (relief) d. where on the earth is a landform is located? d. where on the earth is a landform is located?

PHYSICAL MAP (Gen. Reference Map)

2. POLITICAL MAPS show 2. POLITICAL MAPS show a. features on the Earth’s surface that human’s a. features on the Earth’s surface that human’s create (borders, countries, cities,…) create (borders, countries, cities,…) b. neighboring countries and water bodies in the b. neighboring countries and water bodies in the region? region? c. absolute & relative location c. absolute & relative location

POLITICAL MAPS ( POLITICAL MAPS (Gen. Reference Map)

3. THEMATIC MAPS show a. detailed information about specific subjects a. detailed information about specific subjects such as climate, population, economic such as climate, population, economic qualities. qualities. b. Some examples: b. Some examples: 1. Qualitative Maps - Use colors, symbols, dots, 1. Qualitative Maps - Use colors, symbols, dots, or lines to show patterns related to ideas. or lines to show patterns related to ideas. 2. Cartograms - Present info about a country 2. Cartograms - Present info about a country based on a set of data other than land area. based on a set of data other than land area. 3. Flow-Line Maps (aka: Change-Over-Time Maps) 3. Flow-Line Maps (aka: Change-Over-Time Maps) Show movement of people, goods, ideas, Show movement of people, goods, ideas, animals, or even glaciers. animals, or even glaciers.

POPULATION MAP (THEMATIC)

QUALITATIVE MAP A qualitative map shows information gathered on a variety of topics

- CARTOGRAM - COMPARATIVE WEALTH of PACIFIC NATIONS - CARTOGRAM - COMPARATIVE WEALTH of PACIFIC NATIONS

- FLOW-LINE MAP - NAPOLEON’S MARCH on MOSCOW Can be Change-Over Time Maps

- CENSUS MAPS - QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE & CHANGE-OVER-TIME MAPS

3. TECHNOLOGY HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE WAY MAPS ARE MADE GIS Satellites Computers GPS Remote Sensing Aerial Photography Surveying

1. Physically observe, measure and 1. Physically observe, measure and record what is seen in a specific record what is seen in a specific area to make maps area to make maps (uses “Triangulation”) (uses “Triangulation”) A. SURVEYING

B. REMOTE SENSING – - Uses aerial photographs & satellites to gather data (elevation/ variations in land cover & temperatures, etc.) (measures energy from earth). - Computer technology uses data to make maps.

a. LANDSAT: 24 satellites a. LANDSAT: 24 satellites orbiting 100 miles above orbiting 100 miles above Earth; uses triangulation Earth; uses triangulation to scan entire earth & to scan entire earth & send information back to send information back to earth by radio signals that earth by radio signals that are picked up by GPS are picked up by GPS receivers. receivers. b. LANDSATS record b. LANDSATS record longitude, latitude & longitude, latitude & elevation information elevation information D. SATELLITES

The 24 satellites make 6 full orbits around the earth every 12 hours recording data

Compile, sort, E. COMPUTERS - Compile, sort, compare & compare & store data store data F. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS a.Not a single system or database; compilation of technology (maps, diagrams, graphs, charts, pictures, and computer & satellite information to create composite conclusions). EX: Google Earth EX: Google Earth

MAP PROJECTIONS

 MERCATOR PROJECTION CONFORMAL MAP Shows direction & shape; distorts distance & size. Least distortion at Equator; greatest at the Poles. Compare Greenland as it appears (more accurately) on the Mollweide Projection.

 PLANAR AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION CIRCULAR MAP: True compass directions. Used to map N. & S. Poles; used by planes. Follow curved lines of latitude; directions can’t be shown on a compass. Only maps w/o compasses.

 ROBINSON PROJECTION EQUIDISTANT MAP - Shows correct distance between places. - Shows equal areas with high accuracy. - Map Conformal except near edges where distortion increases. - Advantage: it is not interrupted.

-The WINKEL TRIPEL projection is a compromise; tries to minimize distortion. - - Nat. Geog. Society adopted Winkel Tripel for all world maps - Looks like a Robinson Map but lines of latitude in Robinson projection are parallel straight lines; in Winkel Tripel they are slightly curved, nonparallel lines. ROBINSON PROJECTION WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION

 GOODE’S INTERRUPTED MAP - Interrupted map. High degree of accuracy in distance & shape between landmasses. - Difficult to visualize.