PLANTS Diversity of Life Chapters Vocabulary: cuticle, leaf, nonvascular, vascular, root, seed, stem, cone, frond, annuals, biennials, deciduous, cotyledons,embryo, fruit, ovule, perennials, pollen grain, apical meristem, collenchyma, epidermis, parenchyma, phloem, sclerenchyma, sieve tube, stomata, xylem, cortex, endodermis, mesophyll, root cap, pericycle, petiole, transpiration, megaspore, micropyle, microspore, anther, ovary, petals, pistil, sepals, short day plant, stamen, dormancy, double fertilization, endosperm, germination

Plant Characteristics • Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) • Producers (photosynthetic) • Multicellular • Sexual reproduction  Plant cells have a cell wall, and chloroplast.

How do plants get food? Making Sugar: Plants produce sugar through a process called Photosynthesis (Photo- = sunlight -synthesis = to make) Photosynthesis is a process where plants capture sunlight and convert it to sugar. Photosynthesis Equation: 6H 2 O + 6CO > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Sunlight water carbon dioxide sugar oxygen

Purpose  Provide: 1. Food 2. Shelter 3. Transform sunlight (radiant energy) into chemical energy to make food and release oxygen. What is this process called?

4 Major Groups- We will learn about 3 1.Mosses & their Relatives- Non-vascular 2.Ferns and their Relatives 3.Cone-Bearing Plants- Gymnosperms 4. Flowering Plants- Angiosperms

Non-Seed Plants  Reproduce by spores, (haploid) which can withstand harsh environments. (meiosis)  Conditions favorable, spore develops into gametophyte generation of a plant.  What type of plants do you see?

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts  Non-seed (non vascular) that live in cool, moist habitats.  What does non vascular mean?  So how do these plants look to account for this?

Club Mosses, Horsetails, Ferns Club Mosses  Non-seed  Vascular  Moist environment Horsetails - Non-seed - Vascular - Along streams and rivers Ferns -Diverse non-seed - Vascular - leaves are fronds; root: rhizome - plethora of habitats: streams, shady areas, roadsides, pastures

SEED Plants  Seed is a reproductive structure that contains a sporophyte embryo and a food supply in a protective coating.  What is a sporophyte?  Helps in harsh conditions.  Sporophyte generation  Seed plants include: flowering plants and conifers

GYMNOSPERMS  Seeds of these plants are not part of a fruit.  Male and female structures are in separate structures  Seeds develop in the female.  Diverse environments  Examples: cycads, ginkgoes, and joint firs

Conifers  Produce seeds in woody strobili called cones.  Females = ovule inside an egg Males = sperm is pollen grain  Leaves: needles/scale like  Habitat: Cold/Dry  Needles: compact/waxy = reduce water loss  Stems: thick = insulation of tissues inside  Can survive below freezing temperatures  gymnosperm

ANGIOSPERMS (Flowering Plants)  Largest/Diverse  Most food eaten by humans.  Produce flowers and develop seeds into fruits  Types: monocots and dicots  What are cotyledons? Seed Leaves

Last but not least = Fruit  Following fertilization, a fruit with seeds can develop.  What is the purpose of a fruit? 1. Protection 2. Dispersal  Wet/Dry Fruits Ex. Apples, melons, tomatoes, squash, peanuts, walnuts, or sunflowers. Circle the dry fruits.

MONOCOTS vs. DICOTS  1 seed leaf  Vascular bundles: parallel  Vascular stem: scattered  Flower parts: Multiples 3  Examples: grasses, orchids, lilies, and palms  2 seed leaves  Vascular Bundles: usually net-like  Vascular stem = ring  Flower parts: Multiples of 4 and 5  Examples: shrubs and trees, cacti, wildflowers, garden flowers, vegetables, and herbs

Flowers  Organs of reproduction 4 organs: sepals: protect flower bud petals: attract pollinators stamens: male part; pollen (anther and filament) pistils: female; houses ovule (stigma, style, and ovary)

Pollen and Pollinators  What is the purpose of pollen?  Pollination: transfer of pollen grains (sperm) from the anther to the stigma of the pistil to reach the ovule (egg).  How does it do this? wind, insects, birds, bats.  What attracts pollinators? sweet nectar, pollen, bright colors

Plant Life Cycle  Go through alternation of generations.  Two phases of their life cycle: sporophyte(2n = diploid) phase and gametophyte(n = haploid) phase  One part of the plant is haploid and one part is diploid

Plant Response  Plants are living so they can adapt and respond to their environment  Stimuli  Light  Temperature  Water availability Hormones control some of these responses by increasing cell division and growth.

Do plants sleep? Yes. At night time, plants can not make food, so they shut down by closing their stomata. Stomata = microscopic pores found on the under side of leaves Stomata Closed Stomata Open