PLANTS 1

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Photosynthetic autotrophs – make their own food by photosynthesis Non-mobile Cell walls (cellulose) Cone bearing, flowering plants & mosses and ferns. Sexual and asexual reproduction (Algae = Protist - Not in this kingdom!!!) 2

Intro to Plants 2 phyla of land plants 1. Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) Example: mosses, liverworts, hornworts 2.Tracheophyta (vascular plants) Example: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms 4

Four requirements plants need to survive on land. 1. Sunlight  photosynthesis, leaves well- adapted 2. Water & minerals  absorb and conserve on hot days for photosynthesis 3. Gas Exchange  need CO2 for photosynthesis & O2 for cell respiration, must exchange w/o water loss 4. Transport water & nutrients/ Reproduce w/o water  move water up plant and nutrients down plant in special tissues, reproduce without needing water 5

Seedless Vascular Plants 2 types of vascular tissue 1. Xylem: vascular tissue that carries water from roots to rest of plant 2. Phloem: transports nutrients and carbohydrates from photosynthesis to rest of plant - Both can move fluids against gravity 6

Seed Plants & Angiosperms-Flowering Plants Seed plants are better evolved than other plants to reproduce without water. Structures and functions that are useful adaptations in accomplishing this. Seed: plant embryo in a protective covering (seed coat) that prevents drying or protects in harsh climates with a food supply (endosperm) Better evolved: 1. Can survive dry conditions & extreme temps 2. Adapted to help in their dispersal to areas of less competition 7

Function of flowers & cones. –They are the reproductive structures in seed plants that make male & female gametophytes What is pollination? –Process when pollen (male gametophyte) is carried to ovule (female gametophyte) by wind or pollinator 8

Seed Plants & Angiosperms- Flowering Plants Seed Coat Embryo Cotyledon/ Endosperm Label the seed below with embryo, seed coat, and cotyledon/Endosperm (stored food supply). 9

What is an angiosperm and a gymnosperm? –Angio: flowering plants with reproductive structures in flowers –Gymno: seeded plants that reproduce with naked, exposed seeds 10

Specialized Tissues in Plants Name the functions for each of the following plant structures: - Roots 1. Absorb water & nutrients from soil 2. Anchor plant & hold upright 3. Protect plant from harmful bacteria & fungi 4. Store food - Stems 1. Hold leaves to sun 2. Transport system for nutrients and water - Leaves 1. Main photosynthetic systems 2. Allows gas exchange & water loss 11

Transport in Plants Explain how adhesion, cohesion, and capillarity are partially responsible for the movement of water and nutrients upward in a stem. - Cohesion: water molecules stick together - Adhesion: water molecules stick to other molecules - Capillary action: tendency for water to rise in tube - Together all of these cause water to rise from roots up through xylem tube to rest of plant against gravity. 12

Transpiration - Transpiration: water loss through leaves’ stomata that is controlled by water pressure in guard cells - Important Plants can lose a lot of water, esp. on hot, drier, windier days 13

Reproduction w/ Cones & Flowers - Cones: Reproductive structures in Conifers 1. Pollen cones= male cones  produce pollen the male gametophyte 2. Seed cones= female cones  produce ovules the female gametophyte - Flowers: Reproductive structures w/ 4 special ` leaves in Flowering Plants 1. Sepals 2. Petals 3. Stamen: produce pollen 4. Carpal (pistil): produce ovule 14

Reproduction w/ Cones & Flowers 8. Sepal 1. Ovule 2. Ovary 3. Anther 4. Pollen 5. Filament 6. Carpal (Pistil) 7. Petal 10. Stamen 12. Stigma 11. Style 15

Reproduction w/ Cones & Flowers Explain the function of each of the flower parts listed below. –Sepals: outermost leaves that enclose and protect developing Sterile flower Leaves –Petals: attract pollinators –Stamen Filament: long stalk that holds anther on top Anther: sac where meiosis occurs making pollen Pollen: male gametophyte –Carpal/ Pistil Stigma: sticky part at top of carpal to catch pollen grains Style: stalk of carpel Ovary: contains ovules Ovules: location for production of female gametophyte 16

Seed Development & Germination - Seed: provide protection and food for developing embryo - Fruit: any seed inside an embryo wall where the ovary wall thickens around seed - Seed Dispersal: 1. By animals: seed usually inside fleshy, nutritious fruit (apple, tomato, peas) 2. By wind or water: seeds are often lightweight (maple, coconut, tumbleweed) Note: endosperm nourish embryo NOT fruit!! 17

Hormones and Plant Growth Phototropism when light strikes the plant, it will bend the stem toward the light and away from the shade in order to receive sunlight for photosynthesis. Process = phototropism 18