Kingdom Plantae Chapters 21, 22, & 23

Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Autotrophic Autotrophic Nonmotile Nonmotile Cell wall= Cellulose Cell wall= Cellulose

Adapting to life on Land ChallengeSolution Dehydration Cuticle, stomata Being able to support body Roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissue Reproduction outside of water Spores, seeds, vegetative reproduction

Stomata Openings in the cuticle on the underside of a leaf Openings in the cuticle on the underside of a leaf Exchange of gases Exchange of gases Open- CO 2 in, O 2 out Open- CO 2 in, O 2 out Closed- reduce transpiration Closed- reduce transpiration

Vascular vs. Nonvascular Vascular tissue- transport; tubular cells Vascular tissue- transport; tubular cells Xylem (water, minerals) Xylem (water, minerals) Phloem (nutrients-sugar) Phloem (nutrients-sugar) Vascular plants … Vascular plants … Live farther from water Live farther from water Grow taller Grow taller Include: pine, maple, azaleas, etc. Include: pine, maple, azaleas, etc. Nonvascular plants… Nonvascular plants… Rely on osmosis and diffusion Rely on osmosis and diffusion Remain small (few cell layers thick) Remain small (few cell layers thick) Include: mosses Include: mosses

Basic Plant Parts Leaves Leaves Stems Stems Roots Roots

Leaves Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Broad & flat Broad & flat Surface area Surface area more rxns more rxns Stomata Stomata Lower epidermis Lower epidermis Grow towards sun Grow towards sun phototropism phototropism

Leaves Petiole: stalk that joins a leaf blade to the stem Petiole: stalk that joins a leaf blade to the stem Leaf Tissue= Mesophyll Leaf Tissue= Mesophyll Palisade Layer: most photosynthesis Palisade Layer: most photosynthesis Spongy Layer: bundles of vascular tissue Spongy Layer: bundles of vascular tissue Outer Layers= Epidermis Outer Layers= Epidermis Cuticle (waxy layer – protection) Cuticle (waxy layer – protection) Stomata on lower epidermis Stomata on lower epidermis

Other Leaf Functions Protection Protection Spines on cactus Spines on cactus Food storage Food storage Trapping insects Trapping insects Water storage Water storage Climbing (tendrils) Climbing (tendrils) Don’t memorize

Stems Support for upright growth Support for upright growth Transport materials through plant Transport materials through plant Store food Store food Minimal part in photosynthesis Minimal part in photosynthesis

Stems Bark Bark Protection against insects Protection against insects Corky layer, protects phloem Corky layer, protects phloem Xylem/Phloem Tissues Xylem/Phloem Tissues Forms tree rings Forms tree rings Clues to past environmental conditions Clues to past environmental conditions

Roots Absorb water and nutrients from environment Absorb water and nutrients from environment Transport materials to stem Transport materials to stem Anchor plant Anchor plant Store food* Store food* Potatoes, radishes, carrots Potatoes, radishes, carrots

Roots Root hairs: increase surface area Root hairs: increase surface area Apical meristem: high rate of mitosis; makes roots & stems grow longer – primary growth Apical meristem: high rate of mitosis; makes roots & stems grow longer – primary growth Root cap: protective layer of living cells at the tip of each root Root cap: protective layer of living cells at the tip of each root Vascular cambium: produces additional xylem & phloem- part of secondary growth Vascular cambium: produces additional xylem & phloem- part of secondary growth

DW

Types of Plants Gymnosperms Gymnosperms Angiosperms Angiosperms Monocots Monocots Dicots Dicots

Gymnosperms Vascular plants Vascular plants “Naked seeds” “Naked seeds” Cones (scales) Cones (scales) No fruit/flowers No fruit/flowers Conifers Conifers Needles help reduce water loss Needles help reduce water loss Ex: pine, fir, spruce, cedar Ex: pine, fir, spruce, cedar

Angiosperms Vascular Vascular Flowering plants Flowering plants Develop ovules (seeds) in an ovary (fruit) Develop ovules (seeds) in an ovary (fruit) Most successful plants on Earth Most successful plants on Earth Wide variety of adaptations Wide variety of adaptations Ex.: roses, apples, dandelions, maples, etc. Ex.: roses, apples, dandelions, maples, etc.

Monocots vs. Dicots (in Angiosperms) TypeCotyledonsCharacteristicsExamples Monocots1 Flower parts in multiples of 3; leaves w/ parallel veins, vascular tissue evenly distributed Grasses, orchids, lilies, palms Dicots (larger group) 2 Flower parts in 4’s or 5’s; leaves w/ netted veins, vascular tissue in bundles in a ring around stem Roses, peaches, wild flowers, shrubs, oaks

Reproductive Strategies Spores & seeds protect zygote or embryo from desiccation Spores & seeds protect zygote or embryo from desiccation Spore: single, haploid cell w/ a hard coat Spore: single, haploid cell w/ a hard coat Seed: an embryo, food supply, protective coat Seed: an embryo, food supply, protective coat Spore-producing plants… Spore-producing plants… Mosses & ferns Mosses & ferns Fertilization requires water Fertilization requires water Seed-producing plants… Seed-producing plants… Better adapted to life on land Better adapted to life on land

Seeds Food supply: cotyledons (first leaves) Food supply: cotyledons (first leaves) Seed coat Seed coat Adapted for easy dispersal Adapted for easy dispersal Reduces competition b/c further from parent plant Reduces competition b/c further from parent plant Small size, wings, hidden in fruit, etc. Small size, wings, hidden in fruit, etc. Fertilization does not require water Fertilization does not require water

Vegetative Propagation Reproduction by growth of an individual’s body or fragments of its body Reproduction by growth of an individual’s body or fragments of its body Ex: potatoes, spider plants Ex: potatoes, spider plants courses.cropsci.ncsu.edu/.../CH_1_2005.htm

Pollination After pollen lands on stigma, a tube grows downward through the style until the pollen reaches the ovules. After pollen lands on stigma, a tube grows downward through the style until the pollen reaches the ovules. A plant may have multiple ovules. A plant may have multiple ovules.

Fertilization Fertilization occurs and an embryo develops inside the ovule. Fertilization occurs and an embryo develops inside the ovule. The ovules develop into seeds. The ovules develop into seeds.

Fruit The ovary becomes the fruit. The ovary becomes the fruit. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also “helicopters”, acorns, and bean pods. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also “helicopters”, acorns, and bean pods.