Plants Classification & Structure and Function January 25, 2014 Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon Gulf Coast State CollegePanhandle Area Educational Consortium 5230 West Highway West Boulevard Panama City, Florida 32401Chipley, Florida Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant)

Pre-test Q and A board What is vascular tissue? How are plants classified? What makes flowering plants so special?

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. Benchmark Clarifications –Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.

Item Specs Content Limits –Items will assess the function of plant tissues and organs in the context of physiological processes. – Items will not assess specific functions of structures within organs and tissues in isolation. –Items assessing plant organs are limited to roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones. –Items referring to physiological processes are limited to photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, growth, and reproduction. –Items assessing plant tissues are limited to meristematic, ground, dermal, and vascular tissues. –Items referring to plant structures are limited to cambium, guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root cap, seed, stomata, xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal, filament, anther, style, and stigma. –Items will not address or assess mitosis or meiosis.

Vimeo Introduction to Plants Introduction to Plants Introduction of Plants

Plant Classification Carousel Activity

Monocot vs. Dicot Jigsaw activity

10 minutes!! Don’t be late!

Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems. Meristematic cells- undifferentiated plant cells that can divide and differentiate to form specialized cells. give rise to all three fundamental mature cell types.

Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types. Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type. –store starch, oils and water –help heal wounds to the plant –have thin flexible walls

–they are strong and flexible. –celery strings are strands of collenchyma. –they have unevenly thick cell walls. Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant.

–second cell wall hardened by lignin –die when they reach maturity –used by humans to make linen and rope Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type.

Types of plant cells

stem leaf root Plant organs are made of three tissue systems. Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. –protects the plant –secretes cuticle of leaves –forms outer bark of trees

stem leaf root –provides support –stores materials in roots and stems –Make up most of the inside of a plant Ground tissue is found inside a plant.

stem leaf root –two networks of hollow tubes –xylem transports water and minerals (WXY) –phloem transports photosynthetic products Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.

Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem. Xylem contains specialized cells. –xylem cells die at maturity vessel element tracheid The Vascular System

–Plants passively transport water through the xylem. –Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other. The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement. –Adhesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances. The Vascular System

–absorption occurs at roots through osmosis Water travels from roots to the top of trees. –cohesion and adhesion in xylem –transpiration at leaves The Vascular System

–water vapor exits leaf stomata –helps pull water to the top branches –Major force creates a vacuum that pulls water up. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through leaves. The Vascular System

Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant. Phloem contains specialized cells. –unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive Source: Chloroplast in leaves –Sugar is pumped into phloem and water flows into phloem through osmosis. Sink: roots, leaves and stems, fruits and tubers The Vascular System

KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants. Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis. Plant Organs: Roots, Stems and Leaves

Parts of Plants foldable

Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients and water from soil. Roots provide many functions. –support the plant –absorb, transport, and store nutrients –root hairs tiny extensions of dermal cells that absorb water through osmosis –Meristem - composed of rapidly multiplying cells. –Root cap - envelope that protects the root as it pushes through the soil. Roots and Stems

–Fibrous root systems have fine branches. There are two main types of roots. –Taproot systems have one main root. Roots, Stems and Leaves

Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions. –support leaves and flowers –house most of the vascular system –store water Baobab trees Cactus Roots and Stems

–grow underground for storage Ginger rhizomes Potato tubers Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions. –support leaves and flowers –house most of the vascular system –store water Roots and Stems

–grow underground for storage Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions. –support leaves and flowers –house most of the vascular system –store water –form new plants Strawberry stolons Roots and Stems

Meristematic tissue Areas within the plant that are capable of growth (cell division) are called meristems. Primary Growth –Primary growth occurs only at the shoot and root tips in areas called apical meristems. Secondary Growth –Lateral meristems produce new cells that make the stems and roots thicker. –There are two kinds of lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. These lateral meristems form as rings within the plant body as the stem increases in thickness.

Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis. Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark. Roots and Stems

Most leaves share some similar structures. The blade is usually broad and flat. –Top of leaves are primarily for collecting sunlight for photosynthesis –Stomata are located on the underside of leaves and are for gas exchange and transpiration –Petiole- connects the leaf to the stem blade petiole Leaves

–for aquatic environments, ex: water lily –for getting food, ex: Venus’ flytrap Leaves have many adaptations. –for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles –for water loss, ex: cactus spines Leaves

Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers. cuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis Leaves

–Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape. –When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges. –Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water. guard cellsstoma Guard cells surround each stoma Leaves

Stomata lab

Domino Vocabulary Review

KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers. Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower foldable

Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Petals are modified leaves. –Petals can help to attract animal pollinators –Colors are like neon lights on a landing strip petal Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Sepal are modified leaves that protect the developing flower.

A stamen is the male structure of the flower. –anther produces pollen grains –filament supports the anther Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The innermost layer of a flower is the female pistil (carpel ). –stigma is sticky tip –style is tube leading from stigma to ovary –ovary produces female gametophyte Reproduction in Flowering Plants

A single pistil consisting of several fused carpels (A) and several pistils each consisting of a single carpel (B)

FLOWER STRUCTURE STAMEN Male reproductive structure ANTHER Produces pollen FILAMENT Supporting stalk CARPEL Female reproductive structure STIGMA Sticky tip STYLE Elongated stalk OVARY Contains the ovules Pollination begins when a pollen grain sticks to the stigma----which is sticky. Flower Dissection

Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen. pollen grains –many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators –pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower –animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination Reproduction in Flowering Plants Color patterns Flower structure Odor Nectar

Fertilization takes place within the flower. Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary. pollen grain Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma. pollen tube sperm stigma –one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube –other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. female gametophyte ovule egg sperm polar nuclei Reproduction in Flowering Plants Double Fertilization

endosperm seed coat embryo –one sperm fertilizes the egg –other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm –endosperm provides food supply for embryo –The main purpose of the seed in plants that have them is to protect the and distribute the zygote Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Parts of the seed A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling. Monocots have one cotyledon; Dicots have two cotyledons.

Each ovule becomes a seed. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit. Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Parts of a fruit Tomato Peach

Quiz-Quiz-Trade

Websites Board Book Giveaway

Follow up Q & A Post Test