Chattel Antebellum Manumission Abolitionism Sectionalism The “peculiar institution” (slavery) Secede

Chattel: something (such as a slave, piece of furniture, tool, etc.) that a person owns other than land or buildings Antebellum: existing before a war; especially : existing before the American Civil War Manumission: freeing of slaves, the act or process of manumitting; especially : formal emancipation from slavery Abolitionism: the act of abolishing, in this case slavery Sectionalism: a tendency to be more concerned with the interests of your particular group or region than with the problems and interests of the larger group, country, etc The “peculiar institution” (slavery) Secede: to separate from a nation or state and become independent.

-Trade route linking Europe, Africa and the Americas -Slaves one of ‘products’ exchanged

- Caribbean 4 million - Brazil 3.6 million - Spanish South America545,000 - United States480,000 (5%) - Mexico200,000

Conditions generally better in N. America Life expectancy for slaves in Brazil 23 years In U.S., 35 years ( for whites, 39 years) Led to greater natural population growth in U.S. By 1825, 36% of slaves in Americas were in U.S. Slave trade continues to U.S. until 1808, to other parts of Americas (illegally) to 1860s

1776, approximately 10% of slaves in North New York 20,000, New Jersey 10,000 Why fewer slaves in North than South? -Economics (agriculture) -Attitudes (though not unanimous) -1646, Puritan leaders in New England termed ‘man-stealing’ a sin -New York Herald (1835) “[S]lavery in the South is no evil … it is a positive good.”

U.S. Constitution: For purposes of rep, slaves counted for 3/5 th of a person (Article I, Section 2) Importation could not be banned until 1808 (AI,S9) Fugitive Slaves (A4, S2) Laws in the South: “the power of the master must be absolute, to render the submission of the slave perfect.” N.C. Chief Justice Thomas Ruffin, Stave v. Mann (1829)

1600s-late 1700s, tobacco was incentive for slave holding Cotton gin brings new incentive after 1793 Cleaned debris out of cotton more efficiently Cotton production up 800% in one decade Slaves used to plant and pick cotton Cotton eventually 60% ($) of U.S. exports South accounted for 88% of World’s supply

By 1860, 4 million slaves in South 1/3 rd of total population of South (12 million) Highest in S. Carolina, Mississippi (55-57%), Louisiana, Alabama, Florida Georgia (43-47%) Most white Southerners (75%) didn’t own slaves Less than 1% owned more than 100 slaves

Slave Ship ‘Brookes’

How and when did Africans first arrive in Virginia? What was their initial status? What was Anthony Johnson’s (Antonio’s) experience? What happened to John Punch and why was it significant in changing race relations? Where and when was slavery first established in the colonies? In Virginia? Why was racial slavery attractive to Virginia’s leaders?

Wrote autobiography in 1793 British end slave trade in 1807 Abolish slavery in 1833

Social Darwinism, the theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. refers to an individual's racist assumptions, beliefs or behaviors and is "a form of racial discrimination that stems from conscious and unconscious, personal prejudice." Individual Racism

refers to an individual's racist assumptions, beliefs or behaviors and is "a form of racial discrimination that stems from conscious and unconscious, personal prejudice." the situation that occurs in a racist system when a racial group oppressed by racism supports the supremacy and dominance of the dominating group by maintaining or participating in the set of attitudes, behaviors, social structures and ideologies that undergird the dominating group's power. Internalized Racism Individua l

Includes the policies and practices entrenched in established institutions, which result in the exclusion or promotion of designated groups. It differs from overt discrimination in that no individual intent is necessary.

Institutional racial discrimination that derives from individuals carrying out the dictates of others who are prejudiced or of a prejudiced society inequalities rooted in the system-wide operation of a society that excludes substantial numbers of members of particular groups from significant participation in major social institutions." Structural

Cultural appropriation is the adoption of elements of one culture by members of a different cultural group, specifically the use by cultural outsiders of a minority, oppressed culture's symbols or other cultural elements…taken from minority cultures by members of the dominant culture.