Dr. Jessica Shadian Senior Researcher High North Center for Business and Governance Bodo, Norway “Arctic – Changing Realities”: An Indigenous Governance Perspective Nordic Council of Ministers 26 May, 2010, Eigtveds Pakhus, Copenhagen, Denmark

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Arctic populations

Three layers of Indigenous Governance International International – international human rights law Arctic CouncilArctic Council – Indigenous Permanent Participants LocalLocal – Land claims agreements, co- management, federal mandates for indigenous groups, self-Rule

Alaska Indigenous Populations

The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission 9 Alaska Whaling Associations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Science Advisory Committee local oil and revenues from the North Slope Borough Bi-annual conferences on bowhead whales International Whaling Commission Alaska Co-Management

Arctic Canada

As we celebrated our 30th anniversary, we [ITK] changed our name from Inuit Tapirisat of Canada to Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. We also adopted a new logo. At its heart is Canada’s maple leaf, circled by Inuit representing the four Settlement Regions, all anchored to the ulu. Together they demonstrate our cultural distinctions and unity, as well as our commitment to Canada. We are more than First Canadians, we are Canadians First!

Canadian Land Claims James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) Inuvialuit Final Agreement Northwest Territories Nunavut Act Territory of Nunavut Labrador in Nunavik

Nunavut One possible route for through the Northwest Passage

Source: UNEP/GRID

Total and Sámi populations of Arctic areas of Fennoscandia (based on national census data) Published 1998

Sámi Act of Finland... The Sámi as an indigenous people shall, according to the provisions in the law, be ensured cultural autonomy within their Homeland area, in relation to their language and culture.

Arctic Council Permanent Indigenous Participants Aleut International Association (AIA)Aleut International Association (AIA) Arctic Athabaskan CouncilArctic Athabaskan Council Gwich’in Council InternationalGwich’in Council International ICCICC RaiponRaipon The Saami CouncilThe Saami Council

sovereign states and non-state actors collaborate, most generally, as equal partners in order to address those issues, which transcend the competence of the state alone to solve. Policy makers at all levels of governance are in this sense “reinventing” government away from top down policy and management. This includes the devolution of power towards a shared bureaucratic decision making order where assessments emanate from local citizens, local government, private industry, NGOs as well as state and international political bodies. These ‘alternative institutional arrangements’ based on decentralisation; collaboration and citizen participation are especially pronounced in regional environmental policy making and governance. Karkkainen February 2004.

Arctic Governance 9 Alaska Whaling Associations Science Advisory Committee Bi-annual conferences on bowhead whales = Arctic Science Global GovernanceInuit Circumpolar Council North Slope Borough/ Local indigenous governance The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission International Whaling Commission

References: Karkkainen, Bradley C. (February 2004) ‘Post-Sovereign Environmental Governance’ Global Environmental Politics. 4:1: MIT. Karkkainen, Bradley C. (2002) Collaborative Ecosystem Governance: Scale, Complexity, and Dynamism. 21 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 189. Nettheim, Garch; Gary D. Meyers and Donna Craig (2002) Indigenous Peoples and Governance Structures: A Comparative Analysis of Land and Resource Management Rights Aboriginal Studies Press Shadian, Jessica (Forthcoming) ‘From States to Polities: Re-Conceptualizing Sovereignty Through Inuit Governance’ European Journal of International Relations (EJIR). Shadian, Jessica (Fall 2007) ‘In Search of an Identity Canada looks North’ The American Review of Canadian Studies. 37(3): Shadian, Jessica (July 2006) ‘Remaking Arctic governance: The construction of an Arctic Inuit Polity’ Polar Record. 42(222): Treadwell, Mead. April 3rd, 2010 “Arctic neighbors, let's work together”, Anchorage Daily News URL: Very fruitful phone Conversation with Mark Nuttall.