Objectives: 1. Describe the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands with examples 2. Describe the way the body’s membranes are organized 3. Name and describe the major types of membranes in the body

1. A gland consists of one or more cells that produce and secrete a product 2. Most are composed primarily of epithelial tissue but are supported by connective tissue 3. Exocytosis- process of releasing products out of the cell; a vesicle is created and the contents are released when the vesicle attaches to the plasma membrane 4. Endocytosis- process of absorbing products into the cell; a vesicle is created by one cell and travels to another cell where it attaches to the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the cell.

1. Have ducts that can be simple or compound 2. Products are released onto the outer surface (skin) or into a cavity (pancreas) 3. Examples include sweat glands, mammary glands, pancreas, salivary glands (produce saliva), and digestive glands (produce digestive enzymes)

1. Have no ducts; ductless glands 2. Secrete their products internally, directly into the bloodstream 3. Produce hormones that help promote homeostasis 4. Each type of hormone influences the metabolism of a particular organ or cells 5. Examples include pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries

 Thin sheets of tissue that line the internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside and line the body cavities  There are (5) Types of membranes: 1. Serous 2. Mucous 3. Synovial 4. Meninges 5. Cutaneous

Serous:  Lines ventral body cavities; 3 types 1. Pleurae – line thoracic cavity & cover lungs 2. Pericardium – sac enclosing heart 3. Peritoneum – lines walls of abdominal cavity and the organs  Also line individual organs such as the intestines  They secrete a watery fluid that keeps the membranes lubricated  They compartmentalize the cavities reducing the spread of infection

Mucous 1. Line spaces that lead to openings outside of the body (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems) 2. Consists of epithelial tissue over a layer of loose connective tissue 3. Some have cilia (nose) 4. Produce mucus, which protects the interior walls from an invasion of bacteria and viruses 5. Protects the stomach walls and intestines from the acidity of the digestive juices (acid)

1. Thin connective tissue membranes that line the joint cavities 2. Secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction and allow the bones to move freely.

Meninges 1. Found within the posterior cavity 2. Composed of connective tissue 3. Protective covering for the brain and spinal cord Cutaneous 1. Also known as the skin 2. Outer covering of the body 3. Protects the body from invading microbes

 Some diseases affect membranes  Cold = inflammation of mucosa of nose  Peritonitis = infection of peritoneum after a ruptured appendix  Infections can travel along membranes (meningitis)  Connective tissue (collagen = flexible white protein) diseases include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis which may affect many parts of the body