CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW!!! Chapter 27 Lesson 1 Review

What are the four fundamental causes for WWI? M ilitarism A lliances I mperialism N ationalism

1. Trench fighting of 700-miles of unbroken parallel line of ditches stretching from Switzerland to the North Sea with French / British troops versus German troops trenches separated only by a desolate area called “No Man’s Land” 2.Caused by industrialized weapons, resulting with a (whereby no one side gain an advantage over the other) stalemate, leading to a war of attrition (each side wears down its enemy’s resources)  WESTERN FRONT WARFARE

a.The Battle of the Marne (France, 1915): The Schlieffen Plan is abandoned as Germany now faces a 2-front war b.The Battle of Verdun (France, 1916): Germany gains only 4 miles in 6 months with total casualties of 500,000 c.The Battle of the Somme (France, 1916): Allied (warring nations) belligerents gain 5 miles, losing one million soldiers EXAMPLES:

British French Italian WWI gas masks German

1.a war of mobilization, but stalemate common 2. The Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia, 1914): Allied Power, Russia, is crushed and never fully recovers from this defeat; but continues to force a two-front war on Germany by continuing to contribute soldiers to the Allied cause in the east, despite its defeat at Tannenberg)  EASTERN FRONT WARFARE

3. The Gallipoli Campaign [a campaign is any series of battles related to the same objective] (1914): The Allies fail to capture the Bosporus Strait and the Strait of the Dardanelles, both of which were controlled by the Ottoman Turks; Allied Power, Russia, is now cut off from Allied support and supplies, but continues to fight despite its almost hopeless situation

 THE ITALIAN FRONT: Little effort made by the Italians except to divert Germany from the Eastern Front

 REASONS WHY THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD WAR I ON APRIL 8, 1917: 1. from a policy of (remaining uninvolved in world affairs) isolationism to a policy of belligerency 2. British (a one-sided view to encourage support) propaganda against Germany becomes increasingly persuasive in the U.S.

3. The Zimmermann Telegram: this dispatch was sent from Germany to the German ambassador serving in Mexico; the message suggested that Mexico should declare war on the United States and reclaim Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico; the telegram is intercepted by British intelligence; telegram given to the U.S. government; the U.S. gov’t releases telegram to the press to anger Americans

4.Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare on four U.S. “neutral” merchant ships suspected by the Germans of carrying contraband (illegal war materials) 5. the 1915 sinking of the British passenger liner, the Lusitania, by Germany with almost 200 Americans on board

6. President Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany and the rest of the Central Powers “to make the world safe for democracy” and as a “war to end (all) wars”

1. defeat in 1914 at the Battle of Tannenberg 2. failure of the Allied offensive in the Gallipoli Campaign REASONS WHY RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WORLD WAR I (MARCH, 1917):

3. Nicholas II is held responsible for the 1905 event called Bloody Sunday whereby 100s of peaceful protesters were gunned down by Russian soldiers at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg causing a loss of faith in the czar 4. war-time food shortages with severe food rationing 5. disastrous losses on the battlefield 6. Czar Nicholas II abdicates the Russian throne in March, 1917, ending a 300-year rule by the Romanov Dynasty

a.Czarist rule is followed by a provisional (temporary) government led by Alexander Kerensky, a Menshevik, (a moderate socialist) in the Russian legislature, called the Duma

b.the radical socialists called the Bolsheviks, or Communists, come to power in Russia when Germany secretly transports exiled Russian leader, Lenin, back into the country; c. Lenin overthrows Kerensky with a coup d’etat, promising “Land, Peace, and Bread,” the motto of the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution (Nov., 1917)

d. Lenin secretly withdraws Russia from WW I by signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany; Allied Powers angry e. Russia becomes embroiled in a 3-year civil war between the Red Army (communists) and the White Army (Allied troops); the Red Communists’ Army wins the civil war

f. the Romanov family is assassinated by the Communists g. Lenin and the Communist Party take totalitarian control of Russia

 ENTRY OF THE U.S. IN 1917 LEADS TO DEFEAT OF THE CENTRAL POWERS 1.by 1918 fresh American troops increase Allied morale with human and industrial resources 2. use of American convoys (warships surrounding merchant ships); mines; under- water explosives; airplanes

[Central Powers] 3. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire are the first and second respectively to sue for peace 4. the (Austria-Hungary) Dual Monarchy falls to revolution, ending the rule of the Hapsburg Dynasty

5.Germany’s Wilhelm II (Kaiser Bill) surrenders, ending the rule of the Hohenzollern dynasty and the end of the 2 nd Reich; the newly established German Weimar Republic signs an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting) at the 11 th hour (AM) in the 11 th month, on the 11 th day, 1918.

 THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE FOLLOWS IN JAN., 1919

Chapter 27 Lesson 3 Notes: The Paris Peace Conference – Jan., 1919

 THE “BIG FOUR” VICTORIOUS ALLIED POWERS: Prime Minister Lloyd George representing Britain Premier Clemenceau representing France

Premier Orlando representing Italy (but angrily leaves early because Italy does not receive the promised land from defeated Austria as Italy had been secretly promised by the Allies at the beginning of the war); President Woodrow Wilson representing the U. S. (Orlando’s absence leaves the “Big Three” to work out the details of the peace conference with their subsequent peace treaties)

 WILSON’S DESIRE FOR A “PEACE OF JUSTICE” IS EMBODIED IN HIS 14 POINTS: no secret treaties freedom of trade and freedom of the seas armament reduction for all countries self-determination: people have right to rule themselves 14th POINT: to establish an international organization called the League of Nations, made up of large and small states, to negotiate conflict rather than go to war

 DEFEATED GERMANY’S TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED BY THE NEWLY FORMED WEIMAR REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: “peace of vengeance” forced upon Germany rather than using President Wilson’s suggestion for a “peace of justice” or a “peace without victory” toward defeated Germany Germany is forced to accept the “war guilt” clause, having to take full responsibility for the war and its aftermath

Germany is forced to accept the “blank check” clause; reparations (amounts of money to be paid for damages caused) are determined later to be $30+ billion Germany must relinquish (turn over) the iron & coal-rich territories called Alsace / Lorraine to France

Germany must relinquish the Polish Corridor along the Baltic Sea to Poland; the purpose for this strategy is to not only give land-locked Poland access to a port called Danzig for trade, but as important, to divide the German population to prevent its future German unity Germany is forbidden to produce any additional war materials

Germany is forbidden to station troops in the Rhineland, a strip of German land next door to France Germany is forced to relinquish the Sudetenland (a moun- tainous region of 3 million Germans) to Czechoslovakia, the only democracy in E. Europe, and again, the purpose is to separate the German population

An Anschluss (union) is forbidden between Germany and Austria

 EX-ALLIED POWER, RUSSIA, IS PUNISHED MOST SEVERELY: Because Communism becomes the most feared political system, the Allies provide a buffer zone between Russia and the rest of Europe by taking Russian lands along the Baltic Sea so that…

former Allied Power, Russia, loses more land than any other belligerent in WW I: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania become independent Baltic states Russia also loses Poland Russia, too, loses more soldiers, its most valuable resource, than any other belligerent as a result of WWI

 UNITED STATES’ INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD AFFAIRS AFTER WW I: returns to a policy of isolationism refuses to join the League of Nations signs 5 separate peace treaties with each of the defeated Central Powers