Bell Ringer List all Organ Systems.

The Human Body Define anatomy and physiology Objectives: Define anatomy and physiology Explain how the two are related List and describe the major characteristics of life Describe the levels of structural organization List all Organ Systems Explain homeostasis and its importance to life Identify body planes, positions, and cavities

The Human Body Anatomy examines the body at different levels of structural organizations. Physiology deals with how body parts function The two together The structure of a part often determines its function.

Levels of Organization: Chemical Level The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with another to form... molecules (i.e. CO2, H20); Molecules combine with another to form...

Levels of Organization: Chemical Level macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids); Macromolecules combine to form... organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes); small organs of a cell each with a particular function; Organelles collectively compose ...

Major elements that make up living organisms Hydrogen- H Oxygen – O Nitrogen - N Carbon - C Calcium - Ca Sodium – Na Potassium - K Chlorine - Cl

Levels of Organization Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of an organism. Tissues are groups of similar specialized cells and the substances around them that have a similar function.

Levels of Organization Organs are structures made of 2 or more different tissues and have a similar function. Systems consist of a group of organs with a common function. How many systems?

Levels of Organization Human Organism is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated organ systems. Systems that make up the Human Body Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Inquiring Minds? What is Anatomy & Physiology?

Life Processes All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from non - living things. Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction

Review Questions Define anatomy and physiology List and define the 6 levels of organization. What are the major chemical elements that make up living organisms? Name the 11 organ systems in the human body. List and explain the characteristics of all living organisms.

Homeostasis A condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits.

Homeostasis For survival, the composition of fluids surrounding cells must be maintained at all times.

Homeostasis ECF – the fluid outside the cells (extracellular fluid) Found in the narrow spaces between cells, called interstitial fluid/tissue fluid In blood vessels is called Plasma; in lymphatic vessels is called lymph. Fluid within cells is called intercellular fluid.

Homeostasis ECF refers to the body’s internal environment.

Homeostasis Factors in maintaining homeostasis: Optimal concentrations of gases, nutrients, ions, and water. Optimal temperature Optimal volume for healthy cells.

Homeostasis Stress and Homeostasis Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment. Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the effects of stress to restore normal limits.

Homeostasis Regulation of Homeostasis Under nervous and endocrine control, acting together or independently. Nervous system sends impulses to counteract the stress. Endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.

Feed Back Systems Also called LOOPS A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continuously monitored and fed back to a central control region. Stimulus is any stress that changes a controlled condition.

Feed Back Systems Consists of 3 basic components Control Center Receptor monitors Effectors

Feed Back Systems Negative Feedback System Response reverses the original stimulus

Feed Back Systems Positive Feedback System Responses enhances the original stimulus

Homeostatic Imbalances Leads to disease or death Disease is any change from a state of health. Characterized by signs and symptoms Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions; Signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured Local disease affects one part or a limited area of the body. Systemic disease affects the entire body or several body parts.

Anatomical Position A standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

Anatomical Positions Regional names are terms given to specific areas of the body for reference. Directional Terms are used lo locate precisely one body part relative to another. Planes or sections are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body into definite areas. Body Cavities are spaces in the body that contain various organs.

Anatomical directions and orientation: 1. superior/inferior 2. anterior(ventral) 3. posterior(dorsal) 4. lateral/medial 5. proximal/distal 6. superficial/deep

Body Cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominal and pelvic cavity Dorsal cavity

Body Planes Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) Median plane (Midsagittal)