The Human Body An Orientation: Part B

Make sure this is in your journal or binder.

REVIEW TIME! What is Anatomy? What is Physiology? Anatomy – the study of the structure of living organisms Anatomy – the study of the structure of living organisms (to cut up stuff and look at it) (to cut up stuff and look at it) Physiology – the study of the function of living organisms Physiology – the study of the function of living organisms

What is the Principle of Complementarity? Function always reflects structure Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Can you name the Levels of Organization? Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest. OrganTissue ElectronMolecule CellProton NeutronOrganelle AtomsOrganism CellsOrgan system

Can you name the Levels of Organization? Electrons – has mass 1/1836 of a proton Protons – 1,007,276,466,771 atomic mass units Neutrons – 1,008,664,915,660 atomic mass units AtomsMoleculesOrganelleCellsTissueOrgan Organ system Organism

Levels of Structural Organization

Levels of Organization TISSUE – Group of similar cells & intercellular substances specialized to perform a specific function ORGAN – 2 + tissues performing a specific function ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function

BODY SYSTEMS 1.What is their role? 2. What are the major organs that perform this job/role?

What is homeostasis? What are the components of a control mechanism? Give an example of a negative AND positive feedback system.

What is anatomical position?

Ventral vs. Dorsal Anterior vs. Posterior

Proximal vs. Distal Superficialvs.Deep

Lateral vs. Medial

Anatomical Position Standard anatomical body position Standard anatomical body position - Body erect - Feet slightly apart - Palms facing forward

Regional Terms Two major divisions of body: Two major divisions of body: Axial Axial Head, neck, and trunk Head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Appendicular Limbs Limbs Regional terms designate specific areas Regional terms designate specific areas

Body Planes Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomicalstudy

Body Planes Sagittal plane Sagittal plane Divides body vertically into right and left parts Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section Produces a sagittal section Midsagittal (median) plane Midsagittal (median) plane Lies on midline Lies on midline Parasagittal plane Parasagittal plane Not on midline Not on midline

Body Planes Frontal (coronal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts Transverse (horizontal) plane Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross section Produces a cross section Oblique section Oblique section Cuts made diagonally Cuts made diagonally

Anatomical Variability Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing Small muscles may be missing

Median vs. Lateral

Body Cavities Ventral cavity Ventral cavity Houses internal organs (viscera) Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): by diaphragm): Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity subdivisions: Thoracic cavity subdivisions: Two pleural cavities Two pleural cavities Each houses a lung Each houses a lung Mediastinum Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs Surrounds thoracic organs Pericardial cavity Pericardial cavity Encloses heart Encloses heart

The heart, surrounded by the pericardial cavity, sits in the anterior portion of the mediastinum. The mediastinum, the region between the two pleural cavities, also contains the thymus, esophagus, and trachea.

Ventral Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductve organs, and rectum Contains urinary bladder, reproductve organs, and rectum

Serous Membrane (Serosa) Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid: Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid: Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

Separation of Body Cavities Each body cavity is lined with a thin, double-layered membrane (serous membranes) Each body cavity is lined with a thin, double-layered membrane (serous membranes) Lining the cavity wall is the parietal serosa Lining the cavity wall is the parietal serosa Lining the organs in the cavity is the visceral serosa Lining the organs in the cavity is the visceral serosa Each body cavity gives these membranes special names (i.e. visceral pleura, peritoneum, etc.) Each body cavity gives these membranes special names (i.e. visceral pleura, peritoneum, etc.)

Abdominopelvic Regions Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities Synovial cavities