NATIONALISM Chapter 8 Summary

Warm-up # 19 What is nationalism? Provide an example of nationalism. List at least 2 benefits and 2 drawbacks of nationalism.

Latin American Society 1.Peninsulares: born in Spain 2.Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America 3.Mestizos: mixed European and Indian Ancestry 4.Mullatos: European and African Ancestry 5.Indians

 Peninsulares Creoles  Mestizos   Mullatos

Latin American Revolutions Toussant L’Ouverture: leads slave rebellion that frees colony of Santo Domingue (Haiti) from France Simon Bolivar (writer, fighter, political thinker): wins independence for Valenzuela (1821) Jose de San Martin: freedom for Argentina (1816) and Chile (1818)

Other Latin American Revolutions Gran Colombia (split in 1830) Mexico: movement led by mestizos and Indians – Independence from Spain (1821) Brazil: royal family of Portugal escapes to Brazil for 14 years during Napoleon’s conquest – Son of Portugal’s King asked to rule independent Brazil – bloodless (1822)

European Revolutions 3 Forces in Power Struggle (early 1800s) – Conservative (nobles): supported kings – Liberals(merchants, business people): power to elected legislatures – Radicals: end to kings’ rule; full voting rights to all NATIONALISM: belief that person’s loyalty should not go to country’s ruler, but to the nation itself – Shared language, culture, history, religion – Right to land they can call their own – Powerful tool for uniting people

Nationalism loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially a sense of national consciousness putting one nation above all others and placing emphasis on the promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations Pride—my country is the best, I am proud of it and want to spread my views, religion, culture and history.

Revolts (1821): Greeks revolt against Turkish (Ottoman Empire) Rule  aid from other nations  won in 1830 (1830): Belgians freed from Dutch Poles against Russians

Revolts (continued) France: revolt in (1848) overthrew king and established republic  still arguing over gov’t  new gov’t (legislature and strong president – Napoleon III, Napoleon’s nephew) Russia: – Peasants (serfs) bound to nobles and land – Alexander II (1861): freed serfs (still not given land; paid for it) – Alexander III (1881): made economy more industrial

Effects of Nationalism Nationalism can unite people, build nations, AND break apart states; (i.e. in the late 1800s): – Austrian Empire: (split to Austria and Hungary) – Russia: forcing Russian ways on other peoples led to 1917 revolution – Ottoman Empire: broke up by WWI

Unification of Italy Large parts rules by Austrian and Spanish kings  revolts beaten down (1848) Count Cavour (chief minister of Italian King of Piedmont Sardinia): united lands of North Guiseppi Girabaldi: led patriots to control South Unified under king in 1870

A Divided Germany Originally Germany was a group of smaller Kingdoms The largest and most powerful kingdom was Prussia Prussia had a new King, Wilhelm I (William), who hired a chancellor that wanted to prove his strength and ultimately unify Germany

Unification of Germany German Confederation (1815): league of different states controlled by Prussia and Austria Hungary Otto von Bismark (Prussian Prime Minister/Chancellor): helped by Austria to control lands then turned on them to gain more territory – Purposely provoked France, defeated them in war, and united the rest of the German states thru Nationalism – King of Prussia leads new united Germany

Otto von Bismark His primary aims were to: – unify the north German states under Prussian control – weaken Prussia's main rival, Austria, and eventually taking it over – make Berlin the center of German affairs - not Vienna – strengthen the position of the King of Prussia, William I, to counter the demands for reform from the Liberals in the Prussian parliament

German Unification Prussian Society- strong army, industrialized, natural resources Liberals vs. Conservatives- Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and conservatives and increase Prussian supremacy and influence among the German states by increasing army size in case of war German Nationalism- Prussian drive for unification Bismarck’s Three Wars towards unification: Schleswig & Holstein (1863)- north Austro-Prussian War (1866)- Austria Franco-Prussian War (1870)- Alsace and Lorraine

Doubting Bismark’s Intentions It is important to note that there is much debate about Bismarck's aims to unify all German states under Prussian rule. Some historians argue that Bismarck only intended to unify the north German states but the strength of nationalist feelings after 1866 led to German unification under its own steam. According to this opinion, Bismarck actually reacted to political changes in other German states and capitalized on it rather than pursuing a master plan from the beginning to control all German states.

The Romantic Movement Romanticism—interest in nature; preferring emotion, individuality –linked to folk traditions and nationalism –Poetry, music, painting – nature is the source of beauty –Gothic Horror Novels – Frankenstein –Composers like Beethoven emphasize emotion

Realism Realism—art style attempting to depict life accurately – Paintings and novels in this style show the working class – Writers study society (Charles Dickens) – Photography Deguerrotypes (first photographs) Invention of negatives allow copies of photographs

Impressionists React Against Realism Impressionism—art style that tries to capture precise points in time Portray life of rising middle class (i.e. Claude Monet ) Composers use music to create mental pictures