Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. A schematic design of the all-dielectric polymer waveguide E-field sensor (a). The polymer waveguides are poled utilizing electrodes as in (b). The poling electrodes are removed (c), leaving an all-dielectric device. When the sensor is subjected to an oscillating external field, an equal and opposite phase is built up between the MZI arms, leading to intensity modulation at the MZI output. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Calculated sensor sinusoidal output intensity showing optimum phase bias at π∕2, in the center of the linear response zone. For small modulation, and for phase bias within the 1-dB compression points, the sensor linearly translates input RF modulation to output signal. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. A picture of an enhanced sensitivity sensor version with electrodes connected to a wire loop antenna. The sensor optical input is via a PM fiber (left side), and the output is through an SM fiber. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Setup for testing the E-field sensitivity of the probe, where the sensor is enclosed by an RF absorber and is optically linked to an optical transceiver by a pair of long PM and SM fibers. The optical transceiver is mounted in a metallic box and is composed of a laser source, a photoreceiver, low-noise RF amplifier, EO modulator for RF down-conversion, a polarizer and a polarization controller, and various accessories. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Spectrum analyzer RF signal received from a 20-mm-long all-dielectric sensor, as a function of the E-field strength, at an RF frequency of 700MHz. The noise floor at −110dBm gives a measure to the minimum sensitivity. The inserts show the spectrum analyzer display using a 1-kHz bandwidth. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. RF signal at 700MHz with peak intensity of −77.02dBm (Left side) and IF signal 250MHz with peak intensity of −89.87dBm (right side) obtained with a 2dBm of LO power applied to the down-conversion modulator. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. A typical spectrum analyzer power spectrum at 5GHz obtained with E-field strength of 30V∕m for a field sensor with wire loop. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Field sensor with wire loop signal at 5GHz as a function of field strength. The minimum sensitivity, with an S/N ratio of 1, corresponds to the noise floor of −103dBm. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Frequency response of the field sensor with wire loop, with RF wave propagating perpendicular to the MZI. Four horn antennas were used in the measurement. The E-field generated by the antennas was normalized to 49.6V∕m assuming a linear RF transmission response. The B-field contribution was ignored. The signal versus frequency is corrected for the photoreceiver response that drops off at 10GHz. Note that the LNA is not a bandwidth-limiting component up to 20GHz. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /

Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © 2016 SPIE. All rights reserved. Frequency response measurement of the all-dielectric field sensor using a measurement scheme similar to that of Fig., but for RF wave propagation direction parallel and antiparallel with the light probe. The E-field was normalized to 76.2V∕m in this case. The solid lines are the calculated response based on transit-time considerations. Figure Legend: From: Optical electric-field sensors Opt. Eng. 2006;45(12): doi: /