Referencing and Citing Nazlin Bhimani Research Support & Special Collections Librarian Andrew Welshman Acting Head of User Services

What?  Referencing is a system used in the academic community to indicate where ideas, theories, quotes, facts and any other evidence and information used can be found and verified.

Why?  To show that you understand the topic and can explain in your own thoughts.  To demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.  To enable the reader to locate where you obtained each quote or idea.  To avoid plagiarism and uphold academic honesty. Image source: Sheffield Halam University

When? First… record accurately

When? Second … organise carefully You may decide to maintain a master reference list on your computer in a separate document or as a database. You may wish to write all details on the print copy of an article or keep a system of filing cards for each reference item you use. Tip! For large research projects where it is necessary to maintain a central library of references and organise your references in folders or groups, we recommend you use referencing software e.g. Endnote, Mendeley, RefMe or ZoteroEndnoteMendeleyRefMe Zotero

When? Third … cite appropriately Construct your citations within the text of your essay using the appropriate guidelines for the citation style you are using. The styles most commonly used at the IOE is Harvard and APA. Tip! Check your programme handbook to verify which citation style you are expected to use.

When? Fourth… list consistently You are expected to use in-text citations and create a list of references at the end of your essay or paper. Be sure to balance your use of direct quotations, paraphrasing and summarising. For help in academic writing, please go to the Academic Writing Centre at the Institute.Academic Writing Centre at the Institute Tip! The difference between a reference list and bibliography is as follows: a bibliography also provides a detailed list of references but it also includes readings you may have consulted and not cited. It is therefore a larger group of works than a reference list. Sometimes this list will be annotated to tell the reader why the author considers the work worthy to be in the bibliography. This is an annotated bibliography.

How? NOTE: The reference list is always in alphabetical order.

How? Manually …

How? Using Software … There are many referencing software packages. This list on Wikipedia will help you find the one that is most suitable for you. uk/referencing

EndNote (1) 1. Find the program 2. Open EndNote 3. Create a NEW library 4. Save the Library 5. Check MSWord for EndNote so you can use the Write n’Cite option

EndNote (2) 6. Save your results to the eShelf. (You have to be signed in to use this feature). 7. Check the box to select the results and push to EndNote

8. Follow the onscreen prompts until you have imported your results into EndNote. NB: Use the RefMan RIS option when asked to choose an import filter. EndNote (3)

Cite while you write … 9. You can download the IOE House Style from the O:\EndNote (link to connections, filters and styles).

Mendeley, RefMe and Zotero Are all *freely* available software packages that do the same thing The IOE LibGuides provide step-by-step instructions, including videos All these packages also have the ‘Write n’ Cite’ option They also have a networking feature which allows you to become part of a research group and share libraries with other researchers working in the same area. Help is obtained online and through the user community. * You may need to purchase cloud space if your reference libraries get too big!

Caution Always make a copy of your reference library whichever software you choose to use. Save this in different places (not just on your hard drive or on cloud space). Be careful not to share.pdfs on Mendeley or Zotero. Copyright law protects the rights owner and sharing is illegal. CC Duncan CDuncan C

Support IOE LibGuides Referencing: Harvard: APA: Endnote: Mendeley: RefMe: Zotero: Copyright and IPR: Look out for further Endnote & other referencing sessions on the website and