Ferment of Reform and Culture Chapter 15

The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening -Religious revival -Religious revival -Aimed to make America a better, more religious place -Aimed to make America a better, more religious place -Led to reform movements, ultimately abolition -Led to reform movements, ultimately abolition

A. Reviving Religion New ideas were creeping in New ideas were creeping in Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason along with other ideas began to question mainstream religion Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason along with other ideas began to question mainstream religion Many people giving into the idea of Deism Many people giving into the idea of Deism Unitarianism Unitarianism Denied the deity of Jesus, salvation through good works Denied the deity of Jesus, salvation through good works

Charles Grandison Finney Charles Grandison Finney Arguably greatest of all revivalist preachers Arguably greatest of all revivalist preachers Feminizing of religion Feminizing of religion Middle class women most fervent religious enthusiasts Middle class women most fervent religious enthusiasts Women began taking an active role Women began taking an active role

B. Denominational Diversity Burned-Over District Burned-Over District Splits in xianity, splits in regions, splits over issues (slavery) Splits in xianity, splits in regions, splits over issues (slavery) Wealthier, Educated, Easterners (Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians) Wealthier, Educated, Easterners (Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians) Methodists and Baptists were Southerners and Westerners, usually poorer and less-educated Methodists and Baptists were Southerners and Westerners, usually poorer and less-educated Churches also split over slavery Churches also split over slavery Southern churches advocated slavery Southern churches advocated slavery

C. A Desert Zion in Utah Joseph Religion native to America Persecuted due to beliefs(Oligarchy, cooperation, accusations of polygamy) Brigham Young Young led a migration to present- day Utah Utah became a flourishing community B/C of anti-polygamy laws, they were not allowed to become a state until 1896

D. Free Schools for a Free People Horace Mann fought for better school houses, longer terms, increased pay and better curriculum Horace Mann fought for better school houses, longer terms, increased pay and better curriculum Black slaves forbidden to learn Black slaves forbidden to learn Noah Webster improved textbooks and made a dictionary which standardized English Noah Webster improved textbooks and made a dictionary which standardized English William McGuffey also wrote effective textbooks William McGuffey also wrote effective textbooks Curriculum was usually patriotic, moral, and idealistic Curriculum was usually patriotic, moral, and idealistic

E. Higher Goals for Higher Learning State Universities abundant State Universities abundant University of Va. (Jefferson) University of Va. (Jefferson) No women allowed at first No women allowed at first 1820s, female schools spring up (Troy Female Seminary) 1820s, female schools spring up (Troy Female Seminary) Oberlin College in Ohio first to allow men and women together, also blacks Oberlin College in Ohio first to allow men and women together, also blacks Others learned from traveling lecturers (Lyceum Lectures) Others learned from traveling lecturers (Lyceum Lectures) Libraries/magazines other sources of learning Libraries/magazines other sources of learning

F. An Age of Reform Reform Era Reform Era Dorothea Dix created first hospitals for mentally ill Dorothea Dix created first hospitals for mentally ill William Ladd, American Peace Society “War on War” William Ladd, American Peace Society “War on War” Drunkenness a huge problem Drunkenness a huge problem American Temperance Society 1828 American Temperance Society 1828 Early advocates stress temperance rather than total elimination Early advocates stress temperance rather than total elimination Neal S. Dow pushed for prohibition Neal S. Dow pushed for prohibition Maine Law of 1851 prohibited sale or manufacture of alcohol in Maine Maine Law of 1851 prohibited sale or manufacture of alcohol in Maine

G. Women in Revolt Women considered legally inferior to men Women were keepers of the nation’s conscience (Cult of Domesticity) Early proponents of women’s rights Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony Involved in general reform movements, some advocating suffrage 1848, first women’s rights conference Seneca Falls Convention Stanton and Mott produced the Declaration of Sentiments Declared all men AND women created equal

H. Wilderness Utopias Robert Owen founded Little Harmony, Indiana Robert Owen founded Little Harmony, Indiana Brook Farm, Mass., citizens committed to Transcendentalism Brook Farm, Mass., citizens committed to Transcendentalism Living without luxuries and working together Living without luxuries and working together The Oneida Community The Oneida Community Attempted eugenic reproduction Attempted eugenic reproduction Advocated “free love” Advocated “free love” The Shakers The Shakers Monastic society forbade marriage or sex Monastic society forbade marriage or sex Lasted longer than the other communities Lasted longer than the other communities

I. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement New ideas in America John J. Audubon wrote Birds of America, classified American Birds Medicine still sketchy Serious dental problems Life expectancy was short Patent “Medicines” were popular Fad Diets, Sylvester Graham wheat bread Medicine often harmful

J. The Blossoming of National Literature The Knickerbocker Group Washington Iriving was 1 st American to win international recog. Wrote The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle James Finimore Cooper 1 st American novelist Wrote adventure stories The Last of the Mohicans William Cullen Bryant Poet, wrote Thanatopsis Ultimately ended up writing for NY Evening post and set a model for journalism

K. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Truth was found not through the senses but beyond Truth was found not through the senses but beyond Every person possesses an inner light that puts them in contact with God Every person possesses an inner light that puts them in contact with God Promoted ideas of individualism, self- reliance, self-discipline Promoted ideas of individualism, self- reliance, self-discipline Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson Well-known Transcendentalist Well-known Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau Wrote Walden Wrote Walden Lived for two years in the woods Lived for two years in the woods Also wrote Civil Disobedience Also wrote Civil Disobedience

Walt Whitman Wrote Leaves of Grass Collection of poems, highly romantic, emotional, and unconventional

L. Glowing Literary Lights Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Popular poet Popular poet Wrote The Song of Hiawatha Wrote The Song of Hiawatha John Greenleaf Whittier John Greenleaf Whittier Poet, wrote about injustice, slavery, etc Poet, wrote about injustice, slavery, etc Louisa May Alcott Louisa May Alcott Wrote Little Women Wrote Little Women Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson

M. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Edgar Allen Poe Wrote morbid tales at odds with American ideals Nathaniel Hawthorne Very Calvinist writings, good and evil, the devil Wrote The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville Wrote Moby Dick Good and evil

N. Portrayers of the Past George Bancroft called the “Father of American History, six volume history of America George Bancroft called the “Father of American History, six volume history of America William H. Prescott wrote about conquest of Mexico William H. Prescott wrote about conquest of Mexico