Scientific Method Metric System Graphing Tools Microscope

Scientific Method Scientific method Scientific method: a process by which scientists do experimental research Scientific method Scientific method 6 steps State the problem/Research Forming a hypothesis Experiment Collect and record data Analyze Conclude

Form a Hypothesis An educated guess based on prior knowledge Must be able to be tested Format: If….. then…..

Variables Factors that change in an experiment Independent: variable that is purposely changed or manipulated by the scientist “What I control” Dependent: variable that is affected by the IV The variable that is actually being observed/measured The data!

Experiments also have… Constants: things that do not change no matter how many trials are conducted Kept constant by the scientist Allows for a controlled experiment You want to control as much as possible!

Constants…

Experiments also have… Control: the standard used for comparing experimental effects Allows for a fair experiment “the norm” Experimental group: who is actually receiving the treatment This is the group you are really watching (The only difference = IV)

Variable Practice Examples in notes Worksheet

Experiment Process of testing a hypothesis by carrying out data-gathering procedures under controlled conditions Must formulate an experimental design – planned procedure to test the hypothesis with a step by step process Material’s List Procedure

Collect & Record Data Result of your experiment 2 types of data collecting methods Qualitative Describes observations using adjectives The flower has pink petals The whale is long The little girl has blue eyes

Two types of data Quantitative Measuring your observations using numbers The flower has seven petals The whale is 72 feet long The little girl has 2 eyes

Data tables Should be at least 1 data table with every experiment: Must have UNITS on all data – otherwise it is invalid and meaningless Why repeated trials?

Analyze Data To interpret the results and sum up the experiment Find patterns/trends Use your graphs for this

Conclusion Support/refute your hypothesis Draw conclusions based on DATA Valid! How can we improve this experiment? Questions for further research

Definitions you will need Theory: A well tested idea that explains a wide range of observations Can still be proven wrong Law: Statement that describes what is expected to happen under certain sets of conditions Considered a fact

Theories The moon was formed from a planetary collision with Earth Dinosaur extinction Creation of Earth Mammal evolution Earth is flat Sun revolves around the Earth

Laws Often defined through mathematics F = ma Boyle’s Law Law of gravity

Definitions you will need Prediction: stating in advance the expected outcome from testing a hypothesis Inference: Logical explanation for an observation you just made

Observation vs. Inference Observation: The grass is wet Inferences: It rained The sprinklers came on There is dew on the grass from the morning Observation : The fire alarm is going off Inferences : The school is on fire We are having a fire drill Someone pulled the fire alarm for fun

Graphs All graphs must have 5 things Title IV label IV unit DV label DV unit Key/legend TITLE KEY IV Label & Unit DV label & unit IV is placed on the x-axis DV is placed on the y-axis

Graphs

Metric System A decimal system based on a scale of multiples of 10 International System of Units (SI) All measurements must include a UNIT of measurement and a NUMBER stating how many of the units are present  The tree is 30 cm tall  The snake is 4 m long  The graduated cylinder contains 200 mL of water

Metric System Types of measurement LENGTH VOLUME MASS/WEIGHT TEMPERATURE TIME

Metric System Kilo – Hecto – Deka - S - deci – centi - milli King Henry Died Slowly drinking chocolate milk 1 meter is equal to: 1000 mm 100 cm 10 dm 0.1 Dm 0.01 Hm 0.001Km When moving from smaller to larger move the decimal point to the _______ When moving from larger to smaller move the decimal point to the _______

Metric System practice 26.4 m ___________ cm mm ________ cm L _______ mL Kg _________ mg 100 Hm ________ m Dg ________ cg 57 g _______ Kg 2, ,010 3,400 10,

Length and Mass Measurement of how long, wide, or tall something is Basic unit = meter (m) Mass The amount of matter in an object Basic unit = gram (g) Constant

Weight The measure of the pull of gravity on an object Increase in gravity = increase in wt. Does not stay constant! 2.2 lb = 1 kg

Volume The amount of space an object occupies Liquids = liter (L) Measure in a beaker, grad. cylinder Solids = cm 3 (1ml = 1cm 3 ) (L x W x H) length width depth

Temperature Basic unit is degree Celsius Freezing point = 0 o C Boiling point = 100 o C Body temp= 37 o C Room temp = 21 o C o F = ( o C) o C = ( o F-32) / 1.8

Time The point or period in which something occurs. Basic unit = second

The Microscope

Microscope 1. Eyepiece 2. Coarse Focus Adjustment 3. Fine Focus Adjustment 4. Revolving Nosepiece 5. High power objective 6. Low power objective 7. Arm 8. Stage 9. Diaphragm 10. Base 11. Body Tube 12. Stage clips/controls Move the slide to the Right and see ____ Move left and see ____

Parts of the Microscope 1. EYEPIECE 1. EYEPIECE Holds ocular lens Magnification power of 10x Body tube: holds the eyepiece lens

Parts of the Microscope 2. COARSE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT 2. COARSE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT Always use this first Helps find the image “Big” knob 3. FINE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT Always use this second Clarifies the image Smaller knob

Parts of the Microscope 4. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE Rotates objective lenses HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 5. HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE The highest magnification power ____x TMP = Eyepiece power X high power objective LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 6. LOW POWER OBJECTIVE The lowest magnification power ____ x TMP of low power = ______

Parts of the Microscope Arm 7. Arm Supports all components above the base 8. Stage 8. Stage Holds the slide in place (stage clips) 9. Diaphragm 9. Diaphragm Adjusts the amount of light shown through the stage hole 10. Base Foundation of the microscope One hand must be on this when carrying it

Wet mounts and staining