1 Participles 2 Grammar and Vocabulary Ⅱ October 14, 2011

2 Let’s begin with small conversation Did you sleep well last night? What time do you usually go to bed? What time do you usually get up? How long do usually sleep? Is it enough? What kind of animals are the longest sleepers? How long do human babies need to sleep? How long do you need to sleep to function well （支障なく／正常に機能する） ?

3 Do you know? Sleep is better than medicine. ⇒睡眠は薬に勝る。 Sleep is the greatest thief, for it steals half one's life. ⇒眠りは人生の半分を奪い去る。

4 Why do we sleep? A recent study may have an answer to one of the greatest unsolved （未解決 の） mysteries in science - what is the purpose of sleep? The work suggests it's actually about making animals function more efficiently in their environments. ningenglish/language/wordsinthenews /2009/09/090911_witn_sleep.shtml

Pythons, bats and giant armadillos are among the longest sleepers at over 18 hours a day. Human babies need 16 hours, and most of us probably feel we need around eight hours sleep to function well. Professor Jerry Seigel from the University of California, Los Angeles, conducted a study of the sleep times of a broad range of animals and found that they vary widely. Some, like migrating birds, can survive long periods without sleeping at all. He believes that shows sleep evolved to conserve energy: Jerry Seigel: 'It's animals that are needlessly active that will not survive, but animals that are most efficient and use their waking time to do vital functions, and are otherwise asleep that will survive.' Sleep helps make best use of limited resources. In humans, when we're awake, our brain accounts for 20% of the energy we use when just sitting around. Sleeping also makes us less likely to get injured and less likely to be detected by predators. 5

6 I’m Really Surprised A: You like to dance, don’t you? B: No, I don’t. A: You DON’T? I’m really surprised! I was SURE you liked to dance!

7 A: This park isn’t dangerous at night, is it? B: Yes, it is. A: It IS? I’m really surprised! I was SURE this park wasn’t dangerous at night!

8 Participial Construction （分詞構文） Walking along the street, I met a friend. Written in easy English, the book will be read by many people. Turning to the left, you will find our school. She wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for his help.

9 More about participial construction (Unit 66) Kate is in the kitchen making coffee. Joe hurt his knee playing football. Jim hurt his knee while playing football. Jim hurt his knee while he was playing football. Be careful when crossing the street. Be careful when you cross the street.

10 Having found a hotel, we looked for someplace to have dinner. Having finished her work, she went home. After finishing her work, she went home. Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

11 Feeling tired, I went to bed early. Because I felt tired, I went to bed early. Being unemployed, he doesn’t have much money. Not having a car, she has trouble getting around. (get around= あちこち移動する） Having already seen the movie twice, I didn’t want to go again with my friends.

12 Writing exercise プリントの問題を解いてください！

13 See you next week!