The Cold War WHII.13a-d
Beginning of the Cold War ( ) The Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of Eastern Europe Rivalry between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Democracy and capitalism (the free enterprise system) vs. dictatorship and communism President Truman and the policy of containment Eastern Europe: Soviet satellite nations, the Iron Curtain
Yalta Conference: Big Three
Characteristics of the Cold War ( ) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) vs. Warsaw Pact Korean War Vietnam War Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence
Collapse of communism Soviet economic collapse Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries Tearing down the Berlin Wall Breakup of the Soviet Union Expansion of NATO
Cold War and Asia WHII.13c,d
Terms to Know Containment A policy for preventing the expansion of communism Coined by President Harry Truman Used by President JFK, LBJ, and Nixon Reason for United States wars in Korea and Vietnam Reason for United States’ conflict with Cuba
China Division in China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war Nationalist China (Taiwan) = led by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Communist China (mainland) = led by Mao Tse- tung (Mao Zedong) Continuing conflict between the two Chinas today Communist China’s participation in Korean War
Term to Know Domino Theory The idea that if one country falls to communism, then the surrounding nations will follow Asian Dominos China Korea Vietnam Laos Cambodia ?????
Vietnam Role of French Imperialism Leadership of Ho Chi Minh Vietnam as a divided nation Influence of policy of containment The United States and the Vietnam War United States joins the Civil War (on the South Vietnam side) United States exits in 1973; Civil War continues Vietnam as a reunited communist country today
Major Leaders of the Cold War WHII.13d
Indira Gandhi Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War Developed India’s nuclear program
Margaret Thatcher British Prime Minister (1 st and only woman) Free trade and less government regulation of business Close relationship with the United States and U.S. foreign policy Assertion of United Kingdom’s military power
Mikhail Gorbachev Last President of Soviet Union Instituted political reforms Glasnost Perestroika Began the fall of the Berlin Wall
Deng Xiaoping Reformed Communist China’s economy to a market economy leading to rapid economic growth Continued communist control of government
Indian Independence WHII.14a
Evolution of Independence British rule of India Indian National Congress Leadership of Mohandas Gandhi Civil Disobedience Passive Resistance 1947: India partitioned along Hindu-Muslim lines Pakistan India
Republic of India World’s largest democratic nation (1.3 billion) Federal system (like the United States) More power to the states Head of the country is the prime minster
India Democracy Jawaharlal Nehru A close associate of Gandhi Supported industrialization 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste system Ethnic and religious differences cause problems Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan) Muslim Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) Muslim Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) Tamil New economic development has helped ease financial problems
African Independence Movements WHII.14b
Characteristics of Independence Movements Right to self-determination (U.N. Charter) Peaceful and violent revolutions Pride in African culture and heritage Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal lost colonies Superpowers (US and USSR) try to influence new countries
Examples West Africa: Peaceful transition Algeria (N. Africa): War of Independence from France Kenya (E. Africa): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta against British South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid (segregation) led by Nelson Mandela (first black president of Republic of South Africa)
Middle East Independence WHII.14c
Background: Mandates Established by the League of Nations (after which war?) Granted independence (after which war?) Resulted in Middle East conflict created by religious differences
*Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel After initial setback, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War Sought support of United States
Golda Meir Born in Ukraine (Russian Empire) Immigrated to Milwaukee, WI in 1905 Went to Denver, CO to live with married sister Joined a kibbutz in Mandate Palestine Participated in Evian Conference (refugees) Helped form the State of Israel during 1948 Elected Prime Minister in 1969 First and only woman to do so Peace deal with Egypt
*Gamal Abdel Nasser جمال عبد الناصر President of Egypt Nationalized Suez Canal Established relationship with Soviet Union Built Aswan High Dam
جمال عبد الناصر Nasser Born in Alexandria Protested as a teen against British Colonialism Military career 1948 Arab-Israeli War Formation of Free Officers Revolution of 1952 (Egyptian independence) Coup d'état Nationalization of Suez Canal Pan-Arabism
Developed vs. Developing World WHII.16a-d
*Ethnic and Religious Conflicts Middle East Conflict between Israel and Palestine over land and water rights Religious conflict (Jewish vs. Muslim/Christian) Ethnic (Jewish vs. Arab) Northern Ireland Conflict between Catholic and Protestants Irish Republican Army (militant group fighting British rule) Balkans Ethnic and religious conflicts in former Yugoslavia Between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians
Horn of Africa Religious conflict between Christians and Muslims Has led to growth in terrorist organizations South Asia Conflict between India and Pakistan Mainly religious (Muslim vs. Hindu) Threat of nuclear war
*Migration of Refugees Refugee: someone forced to flee their homes due to conflict Guest Workers: go to Europe and Middle East for jobs (usually from Southeast Asia) and are expected to return home (some do not)
*Impact of New Technology Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications (internet) Genetic engineering and bioethics
*Developed vs. Developing Nations Geographic Location Most developed nations are in North America, Europe, and Japan Most developing nations are in South America, Africa, and Asia Economic conditions Developed nations have high Gross National Product Developing nations have low GNP Social Conditions Developed nations have high literacy and access to health care Developing nations have low literacy and access to health care
Population size and rate of growth Developed nations have low population growth Developing have high population growth Environmental Challenges Pollution Loss of habitat Global Climate change Social Challenges Poverty Poor health Illiteracy Famine migration
*Economic Interdependence Multinational Corporations: a company that has factories or assets in at least one other country besides the home country Regional integration European Union (EU) – unifying Europe common currency Common defense common social programs Trade Agreements North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) no tariffs between USA, Mexico, Canada World Trade Organization (WTO) International Organizations United Nations (UN) International Monetary Fund (IMF) This is like the world bank
*Terrorism Terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons Munich Olympics of 1972 Terrorist Attacks on USA (9/11/2001) Car bombing Suicide bombing Airline hijackers Government Responses Surveillance (listen to citizens conversations) Review of privacy rights Security at ports and airports Identification badges and photos
Why would someone commit act of terrorism? To protest a certain situation and coerce the victim to meet their demands Independence Religious reasons Ethnic reasons What have been the effects of terrorism on individuals A loss of personal liberties for collective safety A feeling of fear and paranoia Targeting of certain groups (racism)