Summary of Unit 3 Students will identify the major body systems and label important structures and function of each body system and recognize common disease associated with each body system. Students will explore how certain behaviors, both positive and negative, influence the body systems and their functions and identify what behaviors they can practice to keep their body systems healthy. The body systems we will be covering in this unit include: skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory.

Unit 3 – Body Systems Objectives Students will: Students will: –Be able to identify major body systems –Know how the body system works together to function as a whole –Evaluate how behaviors have both positive and negative influence on the body systems –Recognize common diseases associate with each body system

Skeletal System

Functions of the Skeletal System –Provide support –Protect internal organs –Allows your body to move –Stores and produced materials that your body needs You have 206 bones in your body – –Babies have more WHY? The Skeletal System Skeletal

Sternum (thigh) spine SKULL (Shoulder blade) (Knee cap) Collar bone

Bones of the Hand wrist Below the knuckle fingers

Bones of the Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges /toes

Compact Bone. Compact bone makes up the outer layer of all bones. Although it looks dense and solid, It is full of holes for nerves and blood vessels. Spongy Bone Spongy bone contains flat and needlelike structures that resist stress. Red bone marrow may fill the open spaces in some bones. Outer Membrane An outer membrane covers most of a long bone. The inner portion of a membrane contains cells that build up and breakdown bone. Central Cavity Central cavities in long bones usually contain yellow bone marrow (fat).

Vocabulary Complete vocabulary on Page 3 Joint A point in which two bones come together to allow movement Ball and socket located at the hip Example

5 types of JOINTS in your bodyJOINTS Immovable Joint – –Allows NO MOVEMENT Hinge Joint – –Allows for BENDING AND STRAIGHTENING

Ball and Socket Joint – –Allows movement in a ALL DIRECTIONS Pivot Joint – –Allows movement SIDE TO SIDE Gliding Joint – –Allows movement in many directions

Label the Skeleton Label the Skeleton Label the Skeleton Label the Skeleton

Possible activities – –Bones relay – –Egg and vinegar – –Q-tip skeleton ****TEST Thursday**** Page 1 thru 3 in packet » »NO NOTES

Muscular System

Types of muscles Smooth Muscle = Involuntary muscles that you DO NOT have direct control over » »stomach, intestines (digestive system) Cardiac Muscle = Involuntary muscle only found in the HEART » »Cardiovascular system Skeletal Muscle = Voluntary muscles that you CAN control to do activity » »Hamstrings, biceps, abs

What connects our bones and muscles together? Ligaments = Connects BONE to BONE » »ACL, LCL, MCL (surrounding knee joint) Tendon = Connects MUSCLE to BONE » »Achilles tendon (back of ankle) Cartilage = PROTECTS the ends of the bones and allows them to move » »Ears, nose

Achilles Tendon

The Muscular System Hamstrings

pectoralspectorals adductorsadductors Erector spinae obliquesobliques abdominalsabdominals Latissimus dorsi deltoidsdeltoids trapeziustrapezius rhomboidrhomboid tricepstriceps glutesglutes bicepsbiceps soleussoleus gastrocnemiusgastrocnemius quadricepsquadriceps

How muscles work All muscles do work by contracting, or becoming shorter and thicker. Many skeletal muscles work in pairs. – –One muscle in the pair contracts to move the bone in one direction. – –Then, the other muscle in the pair relaxes

Muscle Pairs Bicep contracts Tricep relaxes Tricep contracts Bicep relaxes Bill Nye- Muscular System Bill Nye- Muscular System

Nervous System

What is the Nervous System? Your nervous system receives information about what is going on inside and outside of your body. Then it processes the information and forms a response to it. The basic unit of the nervous system is a type of cell called a neuron

Central Nervous System CNS is the control center of the body CNS is the control center of the body –Includes the brain and spinal cord

The MASTER ORGAN

1 2 3   Brain   Spinal Cord   Peripheral Nerves

Nervous System Is Divided into Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Includes Two Divisions Brain Spinal Cord Sensory Cerebrum Brain Stem Cerebellum Autonomic Somatic Three Regions Two Groups Regulates breathing Signals Skeletal muscles Motor Controls: Movement, memory, communication, reasoning Helps you keep your: Balance Involuntary actions: Breathing, eye reaction

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Activities Read this paragraph Mix messages (page 281) Muscle relay The Concussion Crisis article Find the letter Ring a Bell (page 279 Teacher edition)

Mixed Messages Page 281

Say the ColorRead the Word Say the ColorRead the Word Partner 18.6 seconds Partner 29.3 seconds On a separate sheet of paper copy this table:

Mixed Messages Answer the following: 1.) Did it take you more time to read the words or say the colors? Describe the experience of saying the colors. 1.) Did it take you more time to read the words or say the colors? Describe the experience of saying the colors. 2.) Which part of your brain most likely works hardest during this activity? 2.) Which part of your brain most likely works hardest during this activity? 3.) What do you think would happen if you asked a young child who has just learn to read to do this activity? Explain. 3.) What do you think would happen if you asked a young child who has just learn to read to do this activity? Explain.

Brain Game

For the test: Know the muscles - label Know the muscles - label 3 types: Smooth, Cardiac, and skeletal 3 types: Smooth, Cardiac, and skeletal Voluntary vs involuntary Voluntary vs involuntary Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage How a muscle contracts – muscle pair How a muscle contracts – muscle pair The Nervous system and 2 parts The Nervous system and 2 parts –CNS/PNS Part of the brain and their function Part of the brain and their function Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Difference between somatic and autonomic Difference between somatic and autonomic

CardiovascularSystem

Blood is blue in color when it is NOT carrying oxygen. MYTH FACT – Blood is bright red when it is carrying oxygen and dark red when it is not. – –Veins appear blue because of the way light reflects from skin. – –Baby Blood ClipBaby Blood Clip

Functions of the Cardiovascular System Delivering materials – –Your heart continually pumps blood in your blood vessels throughout your body Example – blood picks up glucose from your digestive system and brings it to cells that need energy Removing wastes – –It transports waste from your cells Example - transports carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled Fighting Disease – –blood contains cells that fight disease and seal cuts

The 3 main parts of The Cardiovascular System The Heart The Blood Vessels Blood

Blood Flow through the Heart Blood Flow through the Heart Body cells Body cells Body Cells Lungs The left side of the system deals with oxygenated blood. The right side of the system deals with deoxygenated blood.

Page 293 Right Atrium Left Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle

Section 12.1 Your Cardiovascular System Slide 44 of 31 4) 4)Right Ventricle The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. 3) 3)Right Atrium The right atrium receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. The Heart ) 1)Major vessel from upper body to heart 2) 2)Vessels from lung to heart 5) 5)The aorta carries blood from the left ventricle to the body. 6) 6)Vessel from heart to lungs 7) 7)Vessels from lung to heart 8) 8)Left Atrium Oxygen-rich blood is carried from the lungs to the left atrium. 9) 9)Left Ventricle The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart.

Your Heart Beat The action of the heart has two main phases. The action of the heart has two main phases. –In the first phase, the heart relaxes and the atria fill with blood. (LUB) –In the second phase, the heart contracts and pumps blood. (DUB) The rate at which your heart muscles contract is regulated by the pacemaker, a small group of cells in the wall of the right atrium. The rate at which your heart muscles contract is regulated by the pacemaker, a small group of cells in the wall of the right atrium. Average heart rate varies from one person to the next and from one situation to the next.brain pop - heart rate Average heart rate varies from one person to the next and from one situation to the next.brain pop - heart ratebrain pop - heart ratebrain pop - heart rate

Taking your Pulse Carotid artery Radial Artery Average BPM

Average Resting HR Ranges 14 years old (girls) - 85 BPM (can range from 65 to 105 beats/min) 14 years old (boys) - 80 BPM (can range from 60 to 100 beats/min) 16 year old (girls) - 80 BPM (can range from 60 to 100 beats/min) 16 years old (boys) - 75 BPM (can range from 55 to 95 beats/min) 18 years old (girls) - 75 BPM (can range from 55 to 95 beats/min) 18 years old (boys) - 70 BPM (can range from 50 to 90 beats/min)

Blood Vessels Your heart pumps blood through an extensive network of blood vessels. The three main types of blood vessels in your body are – –Arteries – –Capillaries – –Veins Complete page 11 using your book Bill Nye

Arteries - Away Arteries - Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Arteries - Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Most arteries carry oxygen-rich blood Most arteries carry oxygen-rich blood The largest artery in the body is the aorta The largest artery in the body is the aorta Arteries have thick walls that are both strong and flexible. Arteries have thick walls that are both strong and flexible.

Layer of cells Smooth muscle Connective tissue

Capillaries Branching from the smallest arteries are capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in your body. As blood flows through the capillaries, oxygen and dissolved nutrients diffuse through the capillary walls and into your body’s cells.

Veins - To From the capillaries, blood flows into small blood vessels that join together to form veins. From the capillaries, blood flows into small blood vessels that join together to form veins. Veins are large, thin-walled blood vessels that carry blood to the heart. Veins are large, thin-walled blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Blood vessels Capillary Vein Layer of cells Smooth muscle Connective tissue Single Layer of cells Capillary Cross Section

Brain Pop - Blood Pressure Blood PressureBlood Pressure

Blood The average adult has about 4 to 6 quarts of blood circulating through his or her blood vessels. The four components of blood are –Plasma –White Blood Cells –Red Blood Cells –Platelets

Plasma The liquid component of the blood is called plasma This straw-colored liquid makes up about 55 percent of the blood. Plasma is mostly water, with substances such as nutrients, hormones, and salts dissolved in it.

Red Blood Cells The cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all the parts of your body are red blood cells. – –Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing substance to which oxygen binds

White Blood Cells White blood cells help protect you against diseases and foreign substances – –Some white blood cells make chemicals that help your body resist diseases such as cancer. – –Others destroy invading microorganisms by surrounding and consuming them.

Platelets are cell fragments that play an important role in the blood clotting process When you get a cut, platelets stick to the edges of the cut and release proteins called clotting factors. Bill Nye - Blood Pressure and blood What color is blood?

Blood Types and Transfusions

Respiratory System

The Respiratory System is responsible for bringing oxygen from the outside environment into the body It also removes carbon dioxide from the body

7. Label the parts of the Respiratory System and its purpose Page 307 This is the Respiratory System

The Respiratory System The Respiratory System Nose and Nasal Cavities Air enters the body through two nostrils and then moves into the nasal cavities. Nose and Nasal Cavities Air enters the body through two nostrils and then moves into the nasal cavities. Pharynx Next air enters the pharynx, or throat. The mouth also connects to the pharynx. Pharynx Next air enters the pharynx, or throat. The mouth also connects to the pharynx. Epiglottis and Larynx Air travels from the pharynx to the larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords. When you swallow, the epiglottis seals the larynx to prevent food or liquid from entering the trachea. Epiglottis and Larynx Air travels from the pharynx to the larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords. When you swallow, the epiglottis seals the larynx to prevent food or liquid from entering the trachea. Trachea The trachea, or windpipe, leads from the larynx to the lungs. Lung In the lungs, bronchi divide like branches of a tree into smaller tubes. At the end of the smallest tubes are the alveoli. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in alveoli. Bronchus The trachea divides into two bronchi (singular, bronchus), which are cartilage-ringed tubes that enter each lung. 7. Cilia Cilia line most of the respiratory tract. Cilia capture mucus that contains dust and microorganisms and sweep it toward your throat to be swallowed. Cilia line most of the respiratory tract. Cilia capture mucus that contains dust and microorganisms and sweep it toward your throat to be swallowed.

How to remember the pathway No - nasal No - nasal Problem - pharynx Problem - pharynx Learning - larynx Learning - larynx The - trachea The - trachea Body’s - bronchus Body’s - bronchus Location - lungs Location - lungs

The Respiratory system (pg 12) 1. Nose – air enters through nostrils then moves to nasal cavity 2. Pharynx – aka the throat. Mouth connects here 3. larynx – vocal cords are here. When you swallow, the epiglottis seals the larynx to prevent food from entering 4. Trachea – windpipe; leads from larynx to lungs 5. Bronchus – cartilage rings that enter each lung 6. Lung- bronchi divide like branches. Alevoli divide; oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged 7. Cilia – line the respiratory system. Capture mucus and contains dust and sweeps it toward throat to be swallowed

What it looks like Blood rich in carbon dioxide Blood rich in oxygen Capillary

Oxygen going in, Oxygen going in, The Pathway of Air 1.nose 2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Lungs Oxygen going out, Oxygen going out, 1. Lungs 2. Bronchi 3. Trachea 4. Larynx 5. Pharynx 6. nose

The pathway of Air Using page 306 in the book complete the top of page 13 in the packet Using page 306 in the book complete the top of page 13 in the packet

How Gas is Exchanged At the end of the smallest tubes in the lungs are millions of tiny sacs that look like bunches of grapes At the end of the smallest tubes in the lungs are millions of tiny sacs that look like bunches of grapes These sacs, called alveoli are where gases are exchanged between the air and the blood. These sacs, called alveoli are where gases are exchanged between the air and the blood.

The Breathing Process Inhalation Inhalation –The volume in the lung increase and the air flows in – Function »Rib cage moves up and out »The Diaphragm contracts and flattens Exhalation Exhalation –The volume of the lungs decreases, and the air is pulled out –Functions »The rib cage returns to its original position »The Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

Bill Nye Respiratory System Part 1 Part 1 part 2 part 2 Full episode – Respiratory System – 22:00 Full episode – Respiratory System – 22:00 Respiratory system song Respiratory system song