© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R Public Goods and Common Resources 공공재와 공유자원 E conomics P R I N C I.

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© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R Public Goods and Common Resources 공공재와 공유자원 E conomics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 11

In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:  What are public goods? 공공재란 무엇인가 ? What are common resources? 공유자원이란 무엇인가 ? Give examples of each. 각각의 예를 제시하시오.  Why do markets generally fail to provide the efficient amounts of these goods? 일반적으로 시장은 왜 이런 재화를 효율적인 수량 만큼 공급할 수 없는가 ?  How might the government improve market outcomes in the case of public goods or common resources? 공공재나 공유자원의 경우에 정부는 시장성과를 어떻게 개선할 수 있는가 ? 1

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 2 Introduction  We consume many goods without paying: parks, national defense, clean air & water. 우리는 공짜로 많은 재화 ( 서비스 ) 를 소비 : 공원, 국방, 깨끗한 공기와 물  When goods have no prices, the market forces that normally allocate resources are absent. 재화를 공짜로 얻을 수 있을 때 정상적으로 자원을 배분하는 시장의 힘은 존재하지 않는다.  The private market may fail to provide the socially efficient quantity of such goods. 사적 시장은 그 같은 재화를 사회적으로 효율적인 수량 만큼 공급할 수 없을 것이다.  One of the Ten Principles from Chapter 1: Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 3 Important Characteristics of Goods  A good is excludable if a person can be prevented from using it. 어떤 재화가 배제성이 있다 : 사람들이 사용하는 것을 막을 수 있는 경우  Excludable: fish tacos, wireless internet access  Not excludable: FM radio signals, national defense  A good is rival in consumption if one person’s use of it diminishes others’ use. 어떤 재화가 경합성이 있다 : 한 사람의 사용이 다른 사람의 사용을 제한하는 경우  Rival: fish tacos  Not rival: An MP3 file of Kanye West’s latest single

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 4 The Different Kinds of Goods Private goods: 사적재화 excludable, rival in consumption Example: food Public goods: 공공재 not excludable, not rival Example: national defense Common resources: 공유자원 rival but not excludable Example: fish in the ocean Natural monopolies: 자연독점 excludable but not rival Example: cable TV

 A road is which of the four kinds of goods?  Hint: The answer depends on whether the road is congested or not, and whether it’s a toll road or not. Consider the different cases. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Categorizing roads 5

 Rival in consumption? Only if congested.  Excludable? Only if a toll road. Four possibilities: Uncongested non-toll road: public good Uncongested toll road: natural monopoly Congested non-toll road: common resource Congested toll road: private good A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers 6

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 7 The Different Kinds of Goods  This chapter focuses on public goods and common resources. 이 장은 공공재와 공유자원에 초점을 맞춘다.  For both, externalities arise because something of value has no price attached to it. 두 경우 모두, 가치가 있는 어떤 것의 가격이 없기 때문에 외부효과가 발생한다.  So, private decisions about consumption and production can lead to an inefficient outcome. 그래서 소비와 생산에 관한 사적 결정은 비효율적 결과를 낳을 수 있다.  Public policy can potentially raise economic well-being. 잠재적으로 공공정책이 경제적 후생을 높일 수 있다.

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 8 Public Goods  Public goods are difficult for private markets to provide because of the free-rider problem. 무임승차자 문제로 인해 공공재는 사적 시장에서 공급되기 어렵다.  Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it 무임승차자 : 어떤 재화로부터 편익을 얻었음에도 불구하고 그 대가의 지불을 회피하는 사람  If a good is not excludable, people have incentive to be free riders, because firms cannot prevent non-payers from consuming the good. 재화가 배제성이 없다면 사람들은 무임승차를 하려는 경제적 유인을 가지게 된다. 왜냐하면 기업들이 돈을 안 내는 사람들의 소비를 막을 수 없기 때문이다.  Result: The good is not produced, even if buyers collectively value the good higher than the cost of providing it. 결과 : 비록 구매자 전체로는 재화의 가치가 공급비용보다 높다고 평가하더라도 그 재화는 생산되지 않는다.

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 9 Public Goods  If the benefit of a public good exceeds the cost of providing it, govt should provide the good and pay for it with a tax on people who benefit. 공공재의 편익이 비용을 초과하면 정부가 이득을 얻는 사람들로부터 세금을 거두어 그 재화를 공급해야 한다.  Problem: Measuring the benefit is usually difficult. 문제점 : 공공재의 편익을 측정하는 것이 대체로 어렵다.  Cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits of providing a public good 비용편익분석 : 공공재 공급의 사회적 비용과 편익을 비교하는 연구  Cost-benefit analyses are imprecise, so the efficient provision of public goods is more difficult than that of private goods. 비용편익분석은 부정확하며, 따라서 공공재를 효율적으로 공급하는 것은 사적재화의 경우보다 어렵다.

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 10 Some Important Public Goods  National defense 국방  Knowledge created through basic research 기초학문연구로부터 얻은 지식  Fighting poverty 빈곤퇴치

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 11 Common Resources  Like public goods, common resources are not excludable. 공공재처럼 공유자원도 배제성이 없다.  Cannot prevent free riders from using 무임승차를 막을 수 없다  Little incentive for firms to provide 기업이 공급할 경제적 유인이 없다  Role for govt: seeing that they are provided 정부의 역할 : 공유자원이 제대로 공급되도록 하는 것  Additional problem with common resources: rival in consumption 공유자원의 또 다른 문제는 소비에서의 경합성  Each person’s use reduces others’ ability to use 각자의 사용이 타인들의 사용 여력을 감소시킴  Role for govt: ensuring they are not overused 정부의 역할 : 공유자원이 남용되지 않도록 하는 것

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 12 The Tragedy of the Commons  A parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is socially desirable. 왜 공유자원이 사회적으로 바람직한 수준보다 과다하게 사용되는지를 보여 주는 우화  Setting: a medieval town where sheep graze on common land. 배경 설정 : 양들이 공유지에서 풀을 뜯는 중세 마을  As the population grows, the # of sheep grows. 인구가 증가하면서 양의 수도 증가  The amount of land is fixed, the grass begins to disappear from overgrazing. 토지가 한정되어 있으므로 과다하게 풀을 뜯어 풀밭이 사라지기 시작함  The private incentives (using the land for free) outweigh the social incentives (using it carefully). 토지를 공짜로 사용하는 사적 유인이 토지를 절약해서 사용하는 사회적 유인을 능가  Result: People can no longer raise sheep. 결과 : 양을 기를 수 없게 됨

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 13 The Tragedy of the Commons  The tragedy is due to an externality: 비극은 외부효과 때문 Allowing one’s flock to graze on the common land reduces its quality for other families. 한 집의 양떼가 공유지의 풀을 뜯으면 다른 집의 양떼가 뜯을 수 있는 풀이 감소  People neglect this external cost, resulting in overuse of the land. 사람들이 이런 외부비용을 무시하므로 목초지를 남용하게 됨

 What could the townspeople (or their government) have done to prevent the tragedy?  Try to think of two or three options. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Policy options for common resources 14

 Impose a corrective tax on the use of the land to “internalize the externality.”  Regulate use of the land (the “command-and- control” approach).  Auction off permits allowing use of the land.  Divide the land, sell lots to individual families; each family will have incentive not to overgraze its own land. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers 15

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 16 Policy Options to Prevent Overconsumption of Common Resources  Regulate use of the resource 공유자원의 사용을 규제  Impose a corrective tax to internalize the externality 외부효과를 내부화하기 위해 교정적 조세를 부과  example: hunting & fishing licenses, 사냥 및 낚시 면허 entrance fees for congested national parks 국립공원입장료  Auction off permits allowing use of the resource 공유자원의 사용권을 경매로 판매  example: spectrum auctions by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission 연방통신위원회의 주파수 경매  If the resource is land, convert to a private good by dividing and selling parcels to individuals 공유자원이 토지이면 개인에게 분할 매각하여 사적재화로 전환

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 17 Some Important Common Resources  Clean air and water  Congested roads  Fish, whales, and other wildlife

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 18 CASE STUDY: “You’ve Got Spam!”  Some firms use spam s to advertise their products. 기업들이 광고를 위해 스팸 메일 사용  Spam is not excludable: 배제성이 없음 Firms cannot be prevented from spamming. 기업의 스팸을 막을 수 없음  Spam is rival: As more companies use spam, it becomes less effective. 스팸은 경합적 : 많은 기업이 사용하면 할수록 효과가 점점 감소  Thus, spam is a common resource. 그러므로 스팸은 공유자원  Like most common resources, spam is overused – which is why we get so much of it! 대부분의 공유자원처럼 스팸은 남용됨 – 우리가 그토록 많은 스팸을 받는 이유  The origin of SPAM : “Spam” is named after everyone’s favorite delicacy.

PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 19 CONCLUSION  Public goods tend to be under-provided, while common resources tend to be over-consumed. 공공재는 과소 공급되는 반면 공유자원은 과다 소비되는 경향이 있음  These problems arise because property rights are not well-established: 이런 문제가 발생하는 이유는 재산권이 잘 확립되지 않아서  Nobody owns the air, so no one can charge polluters. Result: too much pollution. 공기는 소유자가 없고 따라서 공기를 오염시키는 사람들로부터 돈을 받을 수 없음. 결과 : 너무 많은 공해  Nobody can charge people who benefit from national defense. Result: too little defense. 아무도 국방으로부터 편익을 얻는 사람들로부터 돈을 받을 수 없음. 결과 : 너무 부족한 국방  The govt can potentially solve these problems with appropriate policies. 정부가 적절한 정책으로 이 문제를 해결할 수 있음

CHAPTER SUMMARY  A good is excludable if someone can be prevented from using it. A good is rival in consumption if one person’s use reduces others’ ability to use the same unit of the good.  Markets work best for private goods, which are excludable and rival in consumption. Markets do not work well for other types of goods. 20

CHAPTER SUMMARY  Public goods, such as national defense and fundamental knowledge, are neither excludable nor rival in consumption.  Because people do not have to pay to use them, they have an incentive to free ride, and firms have no incentive to provide them.  Therefore, the government provides public goods, using cost-benefit analysis to determine how much to provide. 21

CHAPTER SUMMARY  Common resources are rival in consumption but not excludable. Examples include common grazing land, clean air, and congested roads.  People can use common resources without paying, so they tend to overuse them. Therefore, governments try to limit the use of common resources. 22