Expansion and Unity in Europe Students will be able to contrast the process of unification of Italy (Cavour and Garibaldi) and Germany (Bismarck).

Conservatism Liberalism Nationalism

Bellringer and Jump-In  Bellringer: Daily Quiz #12  Jump-In  1. How does Bismarck intend to solve the problems in Germany?  2. Who have you learned about, in World II and in World I, that remind you of Bismarck as a political leader?  3. What would Bismarck think about Machiavelli, Rousseau, Hobbes, Peter the Great, Chinese Emperor, William and Mary/English bill of Rights, others?  4. Why do you think he would feel this way?

Congress of Vienna (1815)  Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) Balance of Power Prevent future French aggression Restoration of monarchies = Legitimacy

Europe after the Congress of Vienna 

New Political Philosophies  Conservatives: wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe Concert of Europe: nations would help one another if a revolution erupted  Wealthy landowners and nobles  Liberalism: wanted to give more power to elected parliaments Middle-class business owners

Nationalism  Loyalty to your nation (not your king or empire)  Led to economic competition, military competition, and democratic ideals

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 – Liberalism + Nationalism (put in Venn!)  Widespread demands for political rights leads to unsuccessful nationalist revolutions across Europe from  Ex. Greece ( )  Ex. France (1830) Les Mis  Ex. Poland (1830)  Ex. Hungary (1848)  Ex. Germany (1848)  Ex. France again! (1848)

Great Britain – Liberalism + Nationalism Without Revolution (Venn!)  Unlike the rest of Europe, Great Britain voted for liberal reforms to stop any attempted revolution.  Frightened by revolutions around Europe in 1830  Reform Bill (1832) – allowed the middle class the right to vote, gave cities more representation in Parliament, about 20% of males can vote  1867 – working class men gained right to vote  1884 – male rural workers gained right to vote  1835 – Britain abolishes slavery

Unification of Italy – Liberalism + Nationalism  1. Piedmont- Sardinia – created by the Congress of Vienna as a check on the power of France.  2. Cavour allies w/France to gain Austrian territory.  3. Cavour unites with Garibaldi.  4. Papal States join in 1870.

Giuseppe Garibaldi – Unifies Southern Italy Unites w/North (Baldi = South) Papal States join last (1870) (why?) Nationalism + Liberalism = Unification Unification of Italy Count Cavour – unifies Northern Italy (Cavour = North)

Cavour  Gained control of Northern Italy for Sardinia  Allied with France to expel the Austrians  Brilliant diplomat

Unification of Italy  Southern Italy  Giuseppe Garibaldi Red Shirts Nationalist rebels in Southern Italy Agrees to join the North under the rule of King Victor Emanuel II

Unification of Italy  Papal states were the last to join  Rome is the Capital of Italy

Exit Ticket  1. How were conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism used to unify Italy?

Unification of Germany – Conservatism + Nationalism  39 German states made up the German Confederation  Prussia was the most powerful Germanic state in central Europe

Iron and Blood – Bismarck uses industry/war + nationalism Franco-Prussian War (1870) Nationalism + Conservatism = Unification Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck – Realpolitik

Unification of Germany  Wilhelm I is the King of Prussia  Otto von Bismarck named prime minister  Realpolitik “the politics of reality” Justifies all means to achieve and hold power Similar to Machiavelli, absolutism

Otto von Bismarck’s Political Philosophy “The questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or by majority decisions…but by iron and blood.”  Iron and Blood War (conservatism) and nationalist (nationalism) feelings used to unify Germany  Sets out to unify the Germanic states (he’s “going to pick a fight”  War with Denmark  Seven Weeks War 1866 (vs. Austria) Prussia gains control of Northern Germany

Franco-Prussian War (1870) Some southern German states independent War with France would cause them to join Germany Bismarck doctored a telegram to insult France July 19, 1870 war declared by France Now Bismarck can declare war on France without seeming to be the aggressor (gains sympathy with the rest of Europe)

Franco-Prussian War (1870)  Germany whips France  Capture Napoleon III & 80,000 men at Sedan Paris finally surrenders after 3 month siege France to pay Germany $1 Billion Marks Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany France is bitter

German Unification  January 18, 1871 Wilhelm I is crowned Kaiser of Germany Second Reich  Franco-Prussian War completed the unification of Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm I

Exit Ticket  2. How were conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism used to unify Germany?

Exit Ticket Discussion  3. Which leaders used nationalism most effectively to achieve unification – Cavour and Garibaldi OR Bismarck? Why?

These Five Things  1. The unification of Italy was accomplished by a combination of liberalism and nationalism, as Count Cavour unified Northern Italy and Giuseppe Garibaldi (going bald = going south!) joined Southern Italy to Northern Italy.  2. The Papal States (Rome), the most conservative group in Italy, was the last to join Italy.  3. The unification of Germany was accomplished by the actions of Bismarck, who combined nationalism and conservatism in the political strategy of Realpolitik to bring Germany together.  4. Realpolitik stressed the concept of “blood and iron,” which focused on racial pride/war and industrialization/strength to unite Germany.  5. The Franco-Prussian War (1870) was the final strategy used by Bismarck to unite northern and southern Germany, but led to bad feelings between France and Germany that would eventually lead to World War I.

Homework  Homework  Essay Outline Revisions!  Textbook Reading!!!