New Movements in America 15.1 America’s Spiritual Awakening

America’s Spiritual Awakening THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING –Movement to bring more people to Christianity Many women and blacks join the movement that spread through the country One belief said that each individual was responsible for his actions and sin was avoidable.

New Movements in America 15.2 Immigrants and Cities

Waves of Immigrants More than 4 million immigrants came to the U.S. between 1840 and 1860 More than 3 million were from Germany and Ireland Many came for work, food, political, or religious reasons

The Native Response Factory jobs attract many new immigrants- they work cheap! Many people fear the immigrants because of their cultures and religions KNOW-NOTHING PARTY A secret society intent on keeping Catholics and immigrants out of political office Also wanted immigrants to live in the U.S. for 21 years before becoming citizens

The Growth of Cities The Industrial Revolution led to the creation of new jobs Cities in the northeast grow due to manufacturing A new MIDDLE CLASS Social and economic level between wealthy and poor starts to grow Cities offered entertainment such as clubs, libraries, and theaters

Urban Problems Cities were very compact and crowded Safe housing was limited Diseases spread quickly Thousands die TENEMENTS Dirty overcrowded buildings Usually lacked clean water or ventilation Crime was high Fire protection was poor.

New Movements in America 15.3 Reforming Society

Prison Reform Reform was usually started by middle class women DORTHEA DIX Led the prison reform Also helped the mentally ill get help Punishment was also changed for young offenders Overcrowding and cruel conditions were addressed by reformers.

Alcohol Abuse The average person drank over seven gallons of alcohol per year in the 1830’s Many reformers believed alcohol led to violence, poverty, and criminal behavior TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT Reform movement to stop alcohol abuse By 1855, 12 states passed laws outlawing the sale of alcohol

Education in America Education would help Americans be better citizens and workers Many families only expected their children to read the Bible, write, and do simple math New England had the most schools with the fewest in the South and West Teachers were underpaid and schools were small All ages learned in the same room McGuffey’s READERS Textbooks taught moral and social values as well as literature and reading.

Education in America HORACE MANN Pushed for better teacher salaries and schools to educate teachers CATHERNIE BEECHER Leading reformer for women’s education All female schools begin to appear Female colleges also start up

African American Schools Fewer schools existed for blacks than whites Blacks rarely attended college-many would not accept them Laws in the South prevented all but a few free slaves to get an education

New Movements in America 15.4 The Movement to End Slavery

Abolition ABOLITION Complete end to slavery EMANCIPATION All enslaved African Americans would be free from slavery Abolitionist groups were small but loud Quakers saw it as morally wrong Some wanted total rights for blacks while some opposed the idea AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY Sent 12,000 blacks back to Africa (Liberia)

Spreading the Abolitionist Message Speaking tours, newspaper articles and pamphlets got the word out THE LIBERATOR –An abolitionist newspaper written by WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON Petitions were sent to Congress to end slavery at once

African Americans Fight Back FREDRERICK DOUGLASS Was an escaped slave who had learned to read and write Also had great speaking skills Gave fiery speeches in the US and Europe against slavery SOJOURNER TRUTH Gave speeches telling her true stories about slavery

Underground Railroad UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for escaped slaves Moved at night from station to station HARRIET TUBMAN Returned to the south 19 times to lead her family and more than 300 slaves to freedom Never lost a passenger Was worth $40,000 if caught An estimated 40,000 slaves escaped to freedom from

Opposition to Abolition Many northern whites feared that blacks would take their jobs Abolitionist leaders received death threats Congress prevented the discussion of slavery and violated the 1 st amendment Southern whites said that outsiders had no business interfering in their lives.

New Movements in America 15.5 Women’s Rights

The Influence of Abolition Many women who fought against slavery also wanted women’s rights Women were criticized for speaking in public-not traditional role! Sojourner Truth challenged women not to be the “weaker sex”.

Women’s Rights Women are better educated They learned to organize in reform groups Some women didn’t want to many rights, just some help around the house Some people opposed because women were too weak to survive in a man’s world.

The Seneca Falls Convention ELIZABETH CADY STANTON Had to sit outside an anti slavery meeting because women were not allowed in. She got upset The Seneca Falls Convention, in 1848, was the country’s first public meeting held in the US to discuss women’s rights.