Characteristics/Adaptations for Survival Red-eyed frog hides among leaves during day and comes out at night. Strawberry poison arrow frog. Bright coloring warns predators that it is poisonous. (In humans can cause burning and swelling of skin tissues. ) Smokey jungle frog blends into the forest floor…camouflage. It can inflate itself to warn predators away. Skin secretes a poison. If disturbed, this frog will quickly open his red eyes, startling potential predators. This often gives the frog just enough time to jump away to safety... They are NOT poisonous.

Smokey Jungle Frog – 20 cm long Did you know? When attacked by a carnivore it produces a loud alarming cry that sounds like a loud and penetrating meow of a cat. It blows its body up like a balloon and stiffens its extremities and thus it becomes quite difficult for its enemy to eat it.

Golden Poison Dart Frog Phyllobates terribilis Considered to be one of the most toxic animals on Earth, the golden poison dart frogs have enough venom to kill ten grown humans.

The Story of the Peppered Moths in England Take notes. 1. Before the Industrial Revolution the tree trunks were a normal light color. 2. In the late 1700’s during the Industrial Revolution, smoke from factories turned tree trunks black.

The Story of the Peppered Moths in England 3. Before the Industrial Revolution, the light colored moths survived and passed the light color gene to their offspring and they survived. 4. During Industrial Revolution, birds ate the light colored moths and the dark moths survived and reproduced passing the dark genes to their offspring and they survived.

5. The moths that are camouflaged will not be eaten by birds. They will survive and reproduce…passing the genes on to their offspring.

6. Explain what the environment and genetics had to do with the Peppered Moths of England. Depending on the color of the trees before and after the Industrial Revolution, the moths that were camouflaged survived and reproduced passing the genes to their offspring so that they could also survive in the environment.

7. Natural Selection explains the story of the Peppered Moths of England. Organisms who inherit the genes to survive in a certain environment will be able to reproduce and pass those genes on to their offspring.

8. What can you infer about the Peppered Moths of England today? Explain. Because there is more pollution control today, there are more light colored moths because they have inherited the light color gene to camouflage on the tree bark.

Natural Selection The process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than those less well adapted to the environment. Those better adapted pass their traits on. Saddle back shell tortoise. Long Neck to reach leaves higher up.

Natural Selection – The finches that have the beak size and shape to survive in an environment with large seeds will survive and reproduce. Page 175. Finches of the Galapagos Islands

Four Parts of Natural Selection Page 178 Predators Starvation Disease Overproduction Inherited Variations Struggle to Survive Successful Reproduction Competition

Change of Horses Over Time

1. Hyracotherium 2. Merychippus cm at shoulders Hoofed feet Lived in high grass (savanna) environment

Change of Horses Over Time 4. From padded to hoofed. From several toes to hoof. 5. Got larger 6. The taller horses survived, reproduced, and passed the tall gene to their offspring.

Two Theories on Long Giraffe Necks Read Theory 1 and Some giraffes stretched their necks to reach leaves higher in trees. They passed this trait to their offspring.

Two Theories of Evolution 2. Some giraffes had longer necks than others. Those giraffes were better able to eat the leaves higher in trees. They survived and passed the long neck trait to their offspring.

Two Theories of Evolution 3. Theory 1 is wrong because stretching a neck does NOT change the GENES in an organism. Theory 2 is correct because long necks in giraffes is controlled by GENES! So, the long neck gene was passed from the parent to the offspring.

Long Necks of Giraffes 4. Theory 2 goes along with natural selection. The giraffes with the adaptation, long necks, were able to get food, SURVIVE, and REPRODUCE and pass the long neck GENE on to their offspring. Those with the shorter necks could not survive to pass their short neck genes to their offspring.

ecuador_galapagoshttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ ecuador_galapagos 3M-CCoghttps:// 3M-CCog species-beak-finchhttp:// species-beak-finch

Darwin’s Five Year Voyage Galapagos Islands

Natural Selection – Inherited Traits pg.175 Galapagos Islands The Galápagos Islands are made up of 13 main islands, 6 smaller islands, and an array of about 100 rocks and islets.

Selective Breeding Pg. 176 Selective breeding – The human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits.

. 1. Pg. 180 – Why are there more elephants without tusks in Uganda today? 1. Natural selection – Hunters hunted and killed the elephants of Uganda that had the valuable tusks. So the only ones that survived were the tuskless elephants. They reproduced and passed the tuskless gene on to their offspring.

2. Pg. 181 – What is generation time? 2. Generation time – The period of time between one generation and the birth of the next generation. 3. How does this relate to insect populations?

3. Insecticide Resistance – Pg. 181

5. Speciation - The formation of a new species See pages Three ways speciation can happen: 1.Separation by water or land forms. 2.Adaptations – Due to separation each group may inherit different traits/genes to survive in that environment. 3.Division – Over generations the separated groups become very different….can’t mate anymore.

Pickerel frog often confused with Leopard Frog. Tree Frog Bullfrog

6. Division - Figure 4 - The leopard frog and the pickerel frog are similar species. However, leopard frogs do not search for mates at the same time of year that pickerel frogs do.

Fossils – Pg What is a fossil? The trace remains of an organism that lived long ago. Found in sedimentary rock. 8. What is the fossil record? A historical sequence of life.

Age of Fossils pg Scientists can determine whether a fossil is older or younger by its position in layers of sedimentary rock. 10. Older fossils are found in the bottom layers and younger fossils are found in the top layers. 11. Relative dating is estimating the age of a fossil by its location in the layers of sedimentary rock. We can tell which are younger and which are older.

Age of Fossils pg Absolute dating measure the actual age of the fossil in years.

Page 196 Geologic Time Scale 13. The geologic time scale is like a calendar to divide the Earth’s history in manageable parts. 14. The Cenozoic era is current day. 15. The Mesozoic era is the time of the dinosaurs. 16. The Paleozoic era is the oldest era. Era - a very long span of geological time

Natural Selection The process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than those less well adapted to the environment.

Natural Selection Giraffes have long necks today because those with longer necks were able to reach food high up, survive, reproduce, and pass the long neck gene to their offspring.