Grammar Review

1. Capitalize beginning of sentences The river ran through the town. 2. Capitalize proper nouns (specific people, places or things) Abraham Lincoln, Bethel Park, Stanley Cup 3. Titles of books, songs, stories, works of art, magazine articles, tests, and other written materials The Alchemist, “Somewhere Over the Rainbow,” “The Lottery” 4. The letter I, when used as a pronoun referring to yourself must always be written as a capital letter. Even though I don’t like pizza, I love cheese. 5. The first word of a direct quotation must begin with a capital letter. Mary said, “Spiders are living creature, too.” 6. Titles of people when used with their names or in place of their names must begin with a capital letter. General Lee, President Obama; I wasn’t speeding, Officer. CAPITALS

1.Use quotation marks [ “ ” ] to set off material that represents quoted or spoken language a. Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence. - Mr. Johnson, who was working in his field that morning, said, "The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes. " b. If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation. - "I didn't see an actual alien being," Mr. Johnson said, "but I sure wish I had. ” c. place a period inside the closing quotation marks when the end of the quotation comes at the end of a sentence. d. place a question mark or an exclamation point inside the closing quotation marks when it is part of the quotation. - Joe asked, “May I use the bathroom?” I said, “Yes!” e. Use a comma to separate a direct quote from a speaker tag. - Ms. Findlay said, “Study for the test.” QUOTATION MARKS

2. Use quotation marks to enclose the titles of short works like songs, chapters, articles, short stories, one-act plays, and short poems. -“Gold Digger”- song -“The Lottery”- short story -“ Huswifery”- poem QUOTATION MARKS

1.Italicize (underline) letters, numbers and words when they are used to represent themselves is my favorite number; a scapegoat is someone who is targeted and pays for the sins of the community. 2. Italicize the titles of long works that are published as a single unit (movies, newspapers, novels) - Argo, To Kill a Mockingbird, Post Gazette 3. Italicize titles of paintings, sculptures and names of vehicles -- Michelangelo's David, Pontiac Vibe ITALICS

1. A SENTENCE FRAGMENT fails to be a sentence in the sense that it cannot stand by itself. - While you hang the ballons. - If I want to go to the dance with you. Fragment: Purdue offers many majors in engineering. Such as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering. Possible Revision: Purdue offers many majors in engineering, such as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering. Fragment: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the middle of a game. Leaving her team at a time when we needed her. Possible Revision: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the middle of a game, leaving her team at a time when we needed her. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

1. A run-on sentence is two or more sentences that are written as one sentence and separated by a comma or no punctuation at all. - Extreme skiing is exciting to watch the skiers take incredible risks. 2. Fix a run on by : a. breaking it into 2 sentences with a period and capital betwee - Extreme skiing is exciting to watch. The skiers take incredible risks. b. Adding a semi-colon - Extreme skiing is exciting to watch; the skiers take incredible risks. RUN-ONS

1. Use commas to separate items in a series - My $10 million estate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew. 2. Use a comma + a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so- FANBOYS) to connect two independent clauses - Social networking sites are dangerous, yet most teenagers login to several sites each day. 3. Use a comma to set off introductory elements - Running toward third base, he suddenly realized how stupid he looked. 4. Use a comma to set off quoted elements. - Ms. Findlay said, “Study for the test.” 5. Use commas in addresses, dates and large numbers. Portland, Oregon December 13, ,238, Use commas with interrupters. Two commas can be used to set off additional information that appears within the sentence but is separate from the primary subject and verb of the sentence. -My soccer coach, Mr. Bellini, cheered us on from the sidelines. COMMAS

The three verb tenses are past, present, and future; make sure you don’t switch back and forth between them without reason. Some disciplines require the use of one tense; for instance, when analysis of literature must be done in present tense. If you’re not sure, check to make sure you use the proper tense. Look for signal words 1.I will fly to Dallas tomorrow. 2.Last May, Sally flew to Rome. 3.Rob and Mike fly out from Pittsburgh together. TENSE