Exploration 19.1 & 20

Why Explore? With the loss of Constantinople in 1453, European nations fronting the Atlantic sought new maritime routes for trade. −New sea route to Asia

Wealth (Gold) − Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe

Diffusion of Christianity (God) –Fight Muslims! Spread Christianity! –Influence of Catholic and Protestant colonists, who carried their faith, language, and cultures as they migrate to new lands –Conversion of indigenous peoples

Fame (Glory) −Political and economic competition between European empires −My country is better than your country!

Technological Advances –Innovations of European and Islamic origins in navigational arts Caravel ship & triangular sails Caravel ship & triangular sails Astrolabe & magnetic compass Astrolabe & magnetic compass

Portugal Leads

Prince Henry 1394 –1460 Navigation school - The school helped in the advance of exploration- map maker, instrument makers, ship builders, & more captains Navigation school - The school helped in the advance of exploration- map maker, instrument makers, ship builders, & more captains Increased trade in gold, ivory, & slaves Increased trade in gold, ivory, & slaves

BARTOLOMEU DIAS opened up lucrative trading routes from Europe to Asiaopened up lucrative trading routes from Europe to Asia Led the first European expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good HopeLed the first European expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good Hope 1488Portugal

VASCO DA GAMA Portugal First European to reach India by sea!First European to reach India by sea! Reaches the Port of Calicut inReaches the Port of Calicut in India on the Indian Ocean. India on the Indian Ocean. Portugal gains a direct routePortugal gains a direct route to Asia! to Asia! Takes control of the spice tradeTakes control of the spice trade Allows goods to be sent more cheaply.Allows goods to be sent more cheaply.

Spanish Claims & Tensions Christopher Columbus –Stumbles upon Americas –Portuguese suspect they were first

Pope Alexander VI, 1493 –Line of Demarcation: imaginary line N-S thru Atlantic –W of line=Spain; E of line=Portuguese

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 –Redraw Line of Demarcation=Portugal receives Brazil –Spain & Portugal agree to honor line

Dutch take control throughout the 1600’s

Spain

Christopher Columbus Spain 1492 Reaches the Caribbean & Americas.Reaches the Caribbean & Americas. Opened up the AmericasOpened up the Americas to European Colonization. to European Colonization. Will lead 4 voyages for gold…Will lead 4 voyages for gold…

Ferdinand Magellan Spain Leads a Spanish expedition to the Philippines.Leads a Spanish expedition to the Philippines. First expedition to sail around the Earth. (Circumnavigate)First expedition to sail around the Earth. (Circumnavigate) Names the Pacific Ocean! Names the Pacific Ocean!

Conquistadors

HERNANDO CORTEZ Spanish Conquistador 1519 Sets out to claim present day Mexico for Spain.Sets out to claim present day Mexico for Spain. He and his men killed many of the Aztecs in Mexico.He and his men killed many of the Aztecs in Mexico. Better weapons and Disease! (small pox)Better weapons and Disease! (small pox) **The first time that Germ Warfare was used by one society against another group of people to kill them on purpose.

FRANCISCO PIZARRO Spanish Conquistador 1533 Sets out to claim present day Chile and Peru for Spain.Sets out to claim present day Chile and Peru for Spain. He and his men killed most of the Incas and took their gold.He and his men killed most of the Incas and took their gold.

Latin American Colonial Class Structure develops… AMERINDIANS AFRICAN SLAVES MULATTOS (Caucasian and African) MESTIZOS (Caucasian and Amerindian) CRIOLLOS (Descendents of Peninsulares born in the Colonies) PENINSULARES (Spanish Born Aristocrats)

Missionaries spread Christianity & protect Native rights spread Christianity & protect Native rights

France

Jacques Cartier France 1541 Cartier paved the way for French exploration of North America by looking for a shorter route to the Pacific.Cartier paved the way for French exploration of North America by looking for a shorter route to the Pacific. He named Canada and founded Quebec.He named Canada and founded Quebec.

England

FRANCIS DRAKE England 1577 – 1580 Naval Admiral, excellent commander. Helped to defeat the Spanish Armada.Naval Admiral, excellent commander. Helped to defeat the Spanish Armada. Second explorer to travel around the world.Second explorer to travel around the world. Best known for being an English privateer (pirate).Best known for being an English privateer (pirate). Notice how his route starts in England and NOT Spain.

New Economic System Emerges… Mercantilism Economic practice - effort to become self- sufficient through trade Economic practice - effort to become self- sufficient through trade The more bullion a country had = more wealthy & more powerful The more bullion a country had = more wealthy & more powerful Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

Ch. 20 Triangular Trade and the Columbian Exchange How one food could change Europe….

Political and Economic Competition: Africa European trading posts along the coast Slavery in Africa was accepted Europeans would trade gold and manufactured goods for slaves.

Slavery in Africa, Not the same story… Islamic beliefs – pow ok : SW Africa—4.8 million Certain rights in Muslim & African societies Some social mobility Not hereditary

The Atlantic Slave Trade – –Europeans needed labor to harvest the crops (sugar) – –looked to Africans to fill the gap

Why Africans? Americas: lack of Native Americans Exposed to European disease Familiar to farming No tribes to hide among

The Atlantic Slave Trade Spain & Portugal lead, English later Use of African merchants & rulers 1870: 9.5 million to Americas Africans => West Indies => Americas “Middle leg” of the Triangular Trade – – Extreme cruelty & death

The Middle Passage

Rum

Results of the Slave Trade Africa: lost generations, families split, introduction of guns Economic & cultural growth in colonies, expertise in agriculture (ex. Rice) Mix of racial identities

What was the effect of European migration and settlement on the Americas & Africa?

Americas Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America Forced migration of Africans into slavery Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent country European trading posts along the coast Trade in slaves, gold, and other products Africa

IX. Columbian Exchange The discovery of the Americas by Europeans resulted in an exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Corn TobaccoPotatoes Yah! We’re going to Europe

The Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange Western Hemisphere corn, potatoes, tobacco Europe horses and cattle Changed European lifestyle Changed the lifestyle of the American Indians

Impact of the Columbian Exchange Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves Slavery is based on race European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment

Commercial Revolution European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. A new economic system emerged. – New money and banking systems were created. – – Economic practices such as mercantilism & capitalism evolved. – Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.